AND ITS ^ ILLUSTRATED v::)!ATE I:>0ARDofAGR1CVLTVRE >AI FICM c^rhf!^ V.'-*i i.. L.. (I VJ ] I V A O The University of North Carolina Library From the ERNEST HAYWOOD LIBRARY Established in Memory of John Haywood, Trustee 1789-1827 Edmuad Burke Haywood, 1843-46 Ernest Haywood, *80 by Burke Haywood Bridgers, '03 C9\7 e-3 u^ UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 00015561526 Cyrr-ui^ l4-<^-^ O-^f^/s^W^y ^-^C -r^ A^ ^A-x^ This BOOK may be kept out ■»»» WEEKS §NLY, and is subject to a fine of "CSS. ENTS a day thereafter. It is DUE on the DAY indicated below: I 1. W. F. Green, Chairman. 2. H.E.King. 3. J. R. McLeiland. 4. W. R. Capehart. 6. D. A. Tompkins. 7. E. A. Aiken. 8. Cyrus Thompson BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 5. J. H. Gilmer. 9. R. W. Wharton 10. H. E. Fries. 14. J B. Coff:eld. ^^^^^^^^^^^,^i33,„,er. ,6. H. B. Battle, D.ector. W- ^; Qpp r Frank Wood. '3. N. B. IS J L. Nelson. '^ '' 18. T.K. Brunei 11. W. S. Prinnrose Pal..- RICULTURE AND OFFICERS 5roughton. Secretary. BOARD OF AGf Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Ensuring Democracy through Digital Access (NC-LSTA) http://www.archive.org/details/northcarolinaits1896stew NORTH CAROLINA AND ITS RESOURCES. ILLUSTRATED. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. RALEIGH. WINSTON. M. I. & J. C. STEWART, Public Printrrs ano Bindeks. i8q6. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page HISTORICAL I Early History i Roanoke Island 9 Roanoke Colony Memorial Association 12 Virginia Dare Memorial Association 12 The Revolution 13 After the Revolution 13 Proprietary and Royal Government 14 The Civil War 15 GENERAL SKETCH 16 The Mountain Region 17 In the Smoky Mountains 19 In the Balsam Mountains = 19 In the Black Mountains 20 In the Craggy Range 20 Piedmont Plateau Region 24 Coastal Plain Region 26 CLIMATE 31 Temperature 33 Precipitation 34 Snowfall 35 Frosts, Ice and Storms 35 FORESTS 36 The Forest Trees 40 Forestry on the Biltmore Estate 52 Biltmore Nursery and Arboretum 54 FLORA 56 FAUNA 63 GEOLOGY 68 Alphabetical List of Native Minerals 71 Gold, Silver and Copper 73 Iron 87 ECONOMIC MINERALS 98 Corundum 98 Mica 100 Talc and Agalmatolite 100 \J) Monazite loi Marls and Phosphates 102 v^ Coal 103 IV Table of Contents. ECONOMIC Ml-^SS-BKAhS.— Continued. Pagb; Cumnock Coal Mines , 104 Graphite 105 Kaolin and Clay , 106 GEMS AND GEM STONES . 107 Diamond 108 Hiddenite 108 Emerald , 109. Aquamarine . . no Ruby Iia Sapphire . . , no Cyanite Ill Garnet. in Quartz , in Citrine Topaz 112 Smoky Topaz 112 Amethyst 112 Other Gem Stones 112 BUILDING STONES n j PUBLIC ROADS 117 Road Materials . 121 WATERS AND WATER WAYS 122 Rivers 122 Lakes 127 Sounds and Bays 128 Swamps 129 Canals 130 Ports and Harbors 132 Water Powers 136 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 141 Persons Employed 144 Apparatus and Capital 145, Products 145 SHELLFISH 151 AGRICULTURE I55 Cotton 158 Tobacco 159 Rice 162 Peanuts 163 Other Important Crops 164 Model Farms 165 Glenoe Stock Farm 165 Occoneechee Farm 165 Duke Farm 165 Rockwell Farm 165 Biltmore Farms 166 State Agricultural Society 168- HORTICULTURE 169' Fruit Growing 169 Coastal Plain Section 169- Table of Contents. HORTICULTURE.— a7«//«?^^ .77 62 45 61. Piedmont Plateau. . . ,.59 77 59 43 60. Mountain 56 72 56 40 56. For the State 58 76 60 43 59. For convenience of comparison the annual mean temperature at some of the most important places in the State is presented in the following table: Asheville 54 Charlotte 60 Chapel Hill.. 60 Franklin 54 Fayetteville . .61 Greenville... .61 Greensboro... 59 Goldsboro.. . .62. Hatteras 62. Highlands... .50. Kitty Hawk... 60. Lenoir 56. Murphy 56. Morganton 58. Newbern 62. Portsmouth.. .62. Raleigh 60. Southport 64. Tarboro 60. Weldon 59. Wilmington. . 63. In the summer months the southern portion of the Piedmont Plateau presents higher monthly means and greater extremes than either the Coastal or the Mountain regions, probably in part due to the sandy nature of the soil. The warmest month is July, and a few stations sometimes have for that month a mean of over 80 degrees; the coldest month is January, and in the mountains the mean for that month sometimes is as low as 30 degrees. The extremes in tempera- ture for the State are considerable, but rarely does the temperature reach zero, except during such extraordinary cold periods as occurred in 1873, 1886 and 1893, During a normal winter the mini- mum temperature in the central portion of the State will sink to 10 or 12 degrees, but such cold is usually of very short duration. During a normal summer the temperature will perhaps on two or three days reach 100 degrees. In respect to temperature Dr. Kerr stated: "Middle and eastern North Carolina correspond to middle and Southern France, and Western North Carolina to Northern France and Belgium. All the climates of Italy from Palermo to Milan and Venice are represented." 34 North Carolina and its Resources. PRECIPITATION. The normal average precipitation for North Carolina is 53.29 inches. The State therefore forms the northeastern limit of that region in the United States characterized by the largest amount of rainfall, the centre of which lies in the middle Gulf coast. I^ong records show a belt of minimum precipitation extending through the Piedmont Plateau; at the same time certain valleys west of the divide also have a small amount. On the east coast and over the southern portions of the Mountain region the annual precipitation becomes very large, over 70 inches. No station has a normal less than 40 inches. The average for the diflFerent regions are as follows: Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Year. Coastal Plain .12.85 .. ...17.04... ...13.10... .. .12.24. • • •••55-23 Piedmont Plateau. .12.18... ...13.99... ...11.35... ...12. 28... ...49.85 Mountain .13.69... ...14.95... . .10.61. . . ...14.07... •••53-32 For the State .12.94 .. ...15.87... ,..11.71... ...12.77... ...53.29 One advantage must not pass unnoticed, namely that the rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the year, and that during those months when growing crops require the most moisture, the amount is greatest. The largest amounts occur in July and August, when the averages for the State are respectively 5.44 and 6.09 inches; the least amounts occur in October and November (3.66 and 3.40 inches) during which the weather is especially favorable for the final work of tke farmer, before the much needed rest of winter begins. As illustrating extreme years with respect to total precipitation, it may be mentioned that the wettest year recorded occurred in 1877, with an average of 64.88 inches for the State. ' September, of that year, had the only average of over 10 inches for one month. During the year 1890, the total annual rainfall was 46.49 inches, and Novem- ber of that year had an average of only 0.35 inch. A few records of normal annual precipitation are presented below : IvOCATioN. Inches. Location. Inches. Location. Inches. Asheville 42.77 Chapel Hill 46.11 Charlotte 52.72 Franklin 57- n Greenville 50.66 Goldsboro 55.00 Hatteras 62.26 Highlands 76.29 Kitty Hawk 58.82 Ivcnoir 51-64 Murphy 64.05 Morganton 47,96 Mount Airy 48.95 Newbern 59-29 Portsmouth 69.14 Raleigh 4567 Southport 50.03 Tarboro 53-65 Weldon 46.84 Willeyton 52.90 Wilmington 55-95 SNOWPAI.L. 35 SNOWFALL. As a matter of comfort in winter, snowfall is of more importance than rainfall. The amount of precipitation occurring as snow is rarely sufficient to serve as a protection to small grain crops, the amount being both too small and remaining too short a time on the ground. The average snowfall for the State is about 5 inches. During severe winters much larger amounts occur, and may remain on the ground for a week or ten daj^s, but during a normal season the ground will rarely remain white for more than two days at a time. Snows occur in the Piedmont and Coastal regions, most frequently with northeast or north winds, during the passage of storms up the coast. FROST, ICE AND 5T0RMS. Considering Raleigh, the capital city, as representing the aver- age with respect to the probability of the occurrence of frost, it may be stated that the average date for the last frost in spring is April loth, though killing frost have occurred on rare occasions in May. In autumn, the first frost will generally occur about October 26th. Necessarily in the mountain region these dates are both much advanced, while in the east, the modifying effects of the many arms of the sea penetrating the land greatly diminishes the danger of killing frosts at the season when crops are growing. The formation of ice to any thickness only occurs during except- ionally severe winters. Ice has formed, however, as far south as Wilmington, to a thickness of half an inch, and even Albemarle and Currituck Sounds have been frozen over. But the normal winter yields opportunities neither for sleighing nor skating, except for very brief periods. There remains to be considered one special advantage possessed by the State, due to its position with reference to the prevailing course of cyclonic storms. The great path of these " weather breeders " is across the lake region and thence northeastward up the St. Lawrence Valley. North Carolina lies entirely out of this general path. Of the total number of storms charted from 1874 to 1890, only 16 per-cent. crossed North Carolina. There are, therefore, longer periods of pleasant weather than can be experienced in more northerly states. Of destruc- tive tornadoes. North Carolina experiences not one in ten years. On the other hand, the State does lie in the path of the so-called sub-tropical storms which move up from the coast of Florida. These storms occur most frequently during the months of August, Septem- ber and October, and are usually accompanied by heavy rains and 36 North CaroIvIna and its Resources. much wind. The damage to crops and property is generally small, but they give to Hatteras a deserved reputation for gales dangerous to the ships and lives of mariners. FORESTS. The forests of North Carolina have for many years been one of the chief resources of revenue to the people of the State, the value of their products, including domestic fuel, timber for construction and such forest by-products as turpentine and its derivatives, amounting in 1893 at least to $25,000,000, and probably much exceeding that amount in the year ending March ist, 1896. The forests in their original distribution extended compact and unbroken throughout the length and breadth of the State, with the exception of unimportant savannas in the eastern section, covered with coarse grasses and sedges, and isolated mountain summits in the extreme western counties, which, bare of trees and shrubs, produced a close turf of vigorous and hardy but tender grasses; and at the present time, after the encroachment of field and pasture for over a century, nearly two- thirds of the area of the State is still under forest cover. The forests, which extend from the sea level in the eastern and southeastern sections to altitudes of 6,600 feet along the State's west- ern borders, where the Appalachian upheavals reach their culmina- tion, are made up of more or less distinctly marked regions having different kinds of trees, the different growth being due to the changes of temperature as the elevation varies and to the succession of differ- ent soils. There are three of these regions most clearly marked: the Coastal Plain with upland forests chiefly of pines; the Piedmont Plateau with forests of pine mixed with hardwoods, or belts of hard- woods with pine, alternating with belts of hardwoods without pines; and the Mountain, the forests of which lying above 2,000 feet eleva- tion are destitute of pine. The coastal forest region, in extent nearly coincident with the Coastal Plain and embracing about three-eights of the area of the State, lies east of a line drawn from Weldon to Raleigh, and from Raleigh to Wadesboro, the line being nearly southwest in direction and almost parallel with the Atlantic Coast Line. Its surface is undu- lating along the seaboard where it is usually raised only slightly above high water mark, ten to forty feet, and where there are numerous and extensive swamps; but it becomes rolling and even hilly adjacent Forests. 37 to the water course along its western limits, where altitudes of 500 to 600 feet are encountered. The upland soils of this region are sandy- loams, rarely stiff, moderately fine and even grained. To the north of the Neuse river loams and loose loams are the more frequent upland soils and the growth is loblolly pine (North Carolina pine*), with a subordinate growth of small oaks; while to the south of this river the upland soils are more sandy and the forests are of long-leaf pine, often to the exclusion of almost every other tree, but near the streams and larger swamps there are belts of loams having for the chief growth loblolly pines, often of a large size (rosemary and slash pinesf). The lowlands, which are either narrow strips of alluvium contiguous to the streams or, in the vicinity of the coast, are large and poorly-drained basins, have soils that are silty and clayey and compact, or sandy and loose with a large percentage of organic con- stituents. Where the soil is mellow throughout the year the low- lands have forests of loblolly pine, which is the tree of chief com- mercial value, mixed with many kinds of hardwoods, particularly ash, maple and gums. If the soil is more compact, the growth is chiefly oaks-water, willow, Spanish, swamp, white and overcup oaks, with elms and some gums. Where the soil is wet through a large part of the year, the largest sweet and black gums are to be found, and where flooded for a considerable part of the year the finest cypress occur, in places to the exclusion of other large trees. On peaty soils or sandy soils underlaid with marl occur white cedar and various bays forming "cedar" or "juniper bays." The lowlands form a large part of the timber yielding lands of this section of the State. The Piedmont forest region, which extends westward from the Coastal region to the foot of the Blue Ridge has a surface varying from gently rolling to rugged and broken near the larger streams, along most of which are narrow strips of alluvium. The upland soils vary from sandy and loose loams, superficially so at any rate, to stiff and rarely clayey loams, and are characterized by forests of hardwoods, particularly of oaks, hickories and dogwood, mixed with the short- leaf pine. There are occasional belts of hardwoods containing no pine, as the one which passes through Orange, Alamance, Granville and Person counties; the belt of magnificent oaks and hickories pass- ing from Greensboro southwest to Charlotte; and the similar belts in the western parts of Lincoln and Catawba counties. In a few places, as in the southern parts of Union county and in parts of Durham county, there is much more pine than oak in the forest, the post oak, *Lumbermen's name, f Local name. 38 North Caroi^ina and its Re;sources. black-jack and Spanish oaks of tlie original growth forming a lower Story beneath the pines. The Mountain forest region has a topography that is broken and rugged, most of its area lying within the Appalachian plateau, the eastern boundary of which is the Blue Ridge. The valleys are generally narrow, circumscribed, and largely under cultivation. Most of the forest lands lie on the mountain slopes, where up to the present, but little land has been cleared for cultivation. The forests are largely of hardwoods; red, chestnut and white oaks, yellow poplar and chestnut all of which on the louver mountain slopes reach the largest size that these trees attain in the United States, and with these, particularly on the north slopes and at higher elevations, are lindens (the northern basswood or whitewood,) birches, hard and soft maples, beech, ash and wild cherr3^ On cold north slopes there are forests of hemlock, and on many of the mountains above an elevation of 4,000 feet compact forests of spruce and fir are found. On the lower hills of the river basins, and especially on those lying near the Blue Ridge, white pine is found which is now being utilized for shingles and building material and more largely for box boards. No j^ellow pine occurs on the mountains although, south of the French Broad river, it grows along the river hills and is used to a considerable extent for lumber and in construction. The richness of the sylva of North Carolina, almost unequalled in the variety of hardwoods and conifers by that of any other region in temperate climates having an equal area, is unapproached by that of any other State or Territory. The great variety of soils and climate has brought together trees from all parts of eastern America so that 24 kinds of oaks are to be found in the State, which is three more than occur in any state to the north of this one, and two more than are to be found in any state to the south of this one; of the nine kinds of hickories known to occur in the United States, eight are to be found in North Carolina; here are all six maples of the eastern United States, all the lindens, all six of the American mag- nolias, three of the birches, eight pines out of eleven, both species of hemlock and balsam-fir, three elms out of five, six arborescent species of plumb and cherry and three of pyrus (apple). In the eastern, and particularly in the southeastern part of the State, at the mouth of the Cape Fear river, the warm air, seldom below freezing, enables numerous trees which extend farther south, to Florida, Texas and even Mexico, to here make their northern limits, or to extend but little farther to the northward. This is the case with the palmetto, prickly ash, American olive (devil wood). Forests. 39 mock orange and live oak, trees which, in this State, occur only along and near the coast, but extend southward to Florida or to Texas. The bleak and exposed mountain summits, on the other hand, bear forests of trees which there find their southern limit, but extend north- ward through northern New York and New England to Canada. Such trees are the black spruce (he balsam), striped and spiked maples, mountain sumac, which is really an apple, balsam-fir and aspen, all, unless sheltered by other trees or by the slopes of the mountain above them, rugged and dwarfed from the cold and constant winds to which they are exposed. Between these extremes, lie the commercial forests trees nurtured under no such adverse conditions. Some of these trees have wide distribution to the north of this State or to the south of it, or in both directions, and some of them are restricted in their distribution to North Carolina or to the region around the southern Appalachian mountains. In the coastal region, the pond pine, the great tupelo, barren willow oak, fork-leafed black-jack, over-cup and laurel oaks, are trees which extend farther to the south. The same is true of the long-leaf and loblolly (North Carolina) pines, the first of which trees can be worked for turpentine longer in this than any other State, and the latter forms here more compact forests and reaches a larger size than elsewhere. The southwestern red oak and water bitter-nut hickory (rice field hickory), trees common in the lower Mississippi valley, occur sparingly in this State. The mossy cup, yellow and shingle oaks, white linden and big shag-bark hickory, prominent trees of the central states, extend as far to the southeast as central North Carolina; while trees of the north, like the hemlock, sugar or hard maple, northern red oak, cherry birch and white pine and of the northeast, like the pignut hickory, chestnut, northern pitch pine and balsam enter more or less largely into the composition of the forests of the western parts of the State. Many trees of wide distribution, and among them some of the most valuable, extend from the State in all directions, the white, post, black, scarlet and Spanish oaks, the red and white maples, the white hickory and brown-heart and shag-bark hickories, short-leaf pine, yellow poplar, red cedar, black cherry and black walnut. The cypress, water and willow oaks, downy poplar, swamp-white oak (Q. Michauxii, Nutt.) southern elm, and planer tree are trees having a great range to the south and southwest. A few trees are found only in this State, or extend but a short distance beyond its boundaries, the yellow-wood, the large-leaved umbrella tree, the Carolina he - lock, the clammy locust, the last being entirely confined to this State. 40 North Carolina and its Rksource;s. But if nature has been lavish in the variety of forms it gave, it has been no less prodigal in material wherewith to build them, for an equitable climate and an abundant rainfall have vied in rearing trees no less magnificent in size than valuable for the quality of their timbers. No less than twenty trees reach in North Carolina the greatest size which they attain, among them some of the most important trees of the American forests, viz: the white and rock chestnut oaks, the cucumber, black cherry, yellow poplar, the hemlock and chestnut. All of these attain their greatest dimensions on the cool moist slopes of the mountains. One species the loblolly (North Carolina) pine, reaches its greatest size, and forms its most compact growth, along the lowlands or on the moist uplands of eastern North Carolina. Altogether there are 153 kinds of woody plants, which form a simple upright stem and attaining arborescent proportions growing naturally within the State; and of these over seventy are trees of the first size, and fifty seven are trees of great economic value. Fourteen of these are known to attain in this State a height of over 100 feet, three of them a height of over 140 feet, sixteen of them reach in this 3tate diameters of five feet or over; and five reach diameters of seven feet or over. The largest aud finest specimens of individual development are to be found in the extreme eastern and western regions in places where the soil is not only deep and fertile, but where during the greater part of the growing season it remains moist or at least mellow. Such conditions are furnished by the lower slopes of the higher mountains, particularly the northern slopes and by many of the swamps of the coastal region. THE FOREST TREES. Pinus palustris, Mill., the long-leaf pine, occurs commercially in the fifteen counties of the coastal region lying south of the Neuse river, where it is found on the driest and most sandy soils unmixed with other trees, or on better soils with a lower story beneath the pine of dogwood and small post and Spanish oaks, the oaks being suitable for cross ties. From this pine, by boxing it, that is remov- ing a thin layer of the sap-wood so that the resin contained in the tree may exude and be caught in a hole or "box" cut in the trunk of the tree near its base, crude turpentine, as the resin is called, is obtained. By the distillation of the crude turpentine spirits of turpentine is gotten as the volatile part, while rosin is the residue left in the re- tort. This industry of tapping the pine for resin and the distillation The Forest Trees. 41 of that, gives employment to several thousand men in this State, and the annual value of the resinous products sold from this State aggre- gate over $1,500,000, being, in fact, about one-third of the entire product of these commodities in the world. Tar is obtained from this tree by slow combustion in a closed kiln of pieces of its heart- wood impregnated with resin; and from tar, pitch is made by boiling it with a fixed proportion of crude turpentine. The long-leaf pine is a tall and slender tree, with a long clear stem, the trees frequently being 100 feet high, but rarely three feet in diameter. The wood is even grained and strong, stronger than that of any other American pine and nearly twice as strong as that of the white pine. It is exceptionally free from knots, wind-shakes, heart-cracks, red-heart and other timber defects, takes a good polish and is particularly suited for flooring, wainscotting and outside work; and on account of its resistance to decay, for tank plank, trestles and framing. The sap-wood is very thin. Pinus taeda, L., the loblolly pine, occurs from the coast as far west as Granville and Anson counties. Although it makes its best development, reaching its largest size and forming its best wood, on the moist land bordering streams and swamps, mixed with hardwoods of various kinds, it nevertheless grows well on fresh uplands, particularly in old fields, where, unmixed with other trees it grows rapidly and forms a good timber. It is the largest of southern pines, reaching a height of 140 feet and a diameter of 4.5 to 5 feet above the swollen base and forming a long, clear, tapering trunk. The wood is coarser grained than that of the long-leaf pine and is especially suitable for panneling, wainscotting, and ceiling. It also makes excellent flooring when rift sawed as it does not sliver. For such uses the smaller and "sap trees" make the best lumber as the kiln dried sap-wood lumber takes paint better than the heart-wood. The large trees, which in a great part are heart-wood, are used for heavy framing and in naval construction. The lumber is marketed largely in eastern cities and chiefly as North Carolina pine, but the common field name for the tree in North Carolina is short-leaf or old-field pine, though swamp and slash pine are frequently applied and rosemary pine is the name given to the largest stocks with a small proportion of sap-wood. The sylvicultural possibilities of this tree make it one of the most important of eastern American trees as it has a strong and valuable wood, rapid growth, is liable to but few injuries, is readily reproduced, and grows well under divers conditions of treatment and on various soils. Young trees where they occur should be protected as they soon become large enough for use, and the 42 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. growth should be kept as thick as possible that the lower limbs may be shaded of and clear stems formed. From 3,500 to 4,000 feet, board measure, per acre is considered an average yield for this pine. Pinus echinata, Mill., the short-leaf pine or yellow pine, as it is usually called in this State, occurs throughout the Piedmont forestal region, and south of the French Broad river in the Mountain region. It is found as a forest tree, neither on the most fertile uplands nor on the lowlands, but occupies soils which are poor or of medium fertility. It reaches its largest size, however, on the better class of loamy soils, often being 80 to 90 feet high and 2.5 to 3 feet in diameter, where it is associated with the white oak and various black oaks, the red and white-heart hickories and dogwood, but it is far more abundant on close or shallower soils growing with the post and black-jack oaks, which often form a lower story beneath the open upper story of pines. The wood is yellow, soft, rather light, even grained and easy to work and is largely used as a building material where ever the tree occurs. It is sawn for shipment but not to so large an extent as either of the pines previously described. The timber of the regrowth of this tree in old fields and waste places is largely sap-wood, and when kiln- dried, makes a lumber in no way inferior to that of the loblolly pine. Although there are many places where this tree does not occur in the forests, yet its young growth is generally disseminated where ever fields have been abandoned or woods closely culled, so that the sig- nificance of the term "oak lands" no longer holds strictly true. These old-field sap pines, when allowed to grow and reach a large size, form a heartwood as large and equally as good as that of the original growth of pine in the forest. Although this pine makes a fair growth when growing alone, unmixed with other trees, its most rapid growth and the largest Stocks, freest from knots and limbs and with the greatest yield of timber from each tree, are secured when the tree is associated with the white and black oaks and the hickories. When associated with these trees the crown rapidly pushes upward to get to the light, leaving behind a slender, clear stem, which, when suitable light conditions are assured, rapidly enlarges. When growing unmixed with other trees the trunks are apt to be knotty and limby. Four other yellow pines occur in North Carolina; one in the Coastal region, Pinus serotina, Mx., the savanna pine, and three in the Piedmont and Mountain regions, Pinus Virginiana, Mill., the cedar or scrub pine, P. rigida, the northern pitch pine, and P. pungens, Michx. f., the Table Mountain pine. These are sometimes sawn into lumber, but the trees are small or not common, so the wood is little used. Thk Forest Trees. 43 Pinus strobus, I^., the white pine, occurs along and near the Blue Ridge and over local areas to the west of it. It is locally used for building and especially for making shingles and box lumber. Taxedium distichum, Rich., the cypress, is one of the largest trees of Eastern America. It grows along the margins of streams or in swamps, with the sweet gum and black gums, but reaches its largest size in swamps along and near the coast, too deep for these trees to reach their largest dimensions. Trees are often cut which are five or seven feet through above the swollen base. The wood is dark brown in color and only slightly resinous. It stands exposure remarkably well and shrinks and swells but little when subject to alternations of temperature or of moisture and dryness. Such characteristics make the timber peculiarly suitable for shingles, doors, sashes and exterior trimming, and a large amount is manufactured in this State for such purposes. Much is also sawn for boat and tank plank, buckets, tubs, etc. On account of its durability in contact with the soil, it is adapted for telegraph and telephone poles, ties, posts and similar uses. Taxodium distichum imbricaria, (Nutt.,) Ashe,"^ is a smaller tree growing in ponds which dry up during summer. Its timber is rarely used, where better can be secured. Juniperus Virginiana, I^., the red cedar, is frequent throughout the State except in the higher mountains. It is most abundant on and near the coast and there reaches its largest size sometimes being fifty feet high and three feet through, generally, however, it is far smaller. The wood, in contact with the soil, or when exposed, resists decay a long time and for this reason is largely used for buck- ets, posts and ties. It is of slow growth, but reproduces itself abund- antly and young trees are to be found where ever there are old ones. Chamaecyparis thyoides, (I^.) B. S. P., the white cedar or juni- per, occurs in swamps in the Coastal region having a sandy or peaty soil in the eastern zone. It is not generelly diffused, but where it does occur is quite abundant, often forming a great part of the growth, small bays and gums usually growing with it. The wood is light, soft, white, very durable, the sap-wood lasting nearly as long as the heartwood. It is largely used for woodenware, shingles, telegraph poles. It grows rapidly and is one of the most valuable of American trees, being put to many uses for which no other wood is so well suited. No where in the United States is it common and the supply of it is rapidly being exhausted. The young growth where found should be protected as it soon becomes large enough to be used. *Cupressus disticha var. imbricaria, Nutt. Gen. ii, 224. 44 North Carolina and its Resourceis. Tstiga Canadensis, (I^.) Carr., the hemlock, is one of the largest trees in the State, being frequently over loo feet high and sometimes as high as 140 feet. It is very common along the brinks of streams in the high mountains. The timber is of the same quality as that of the tree farther north, coarse grained and suitable only for framing and for coarser uses. The most valuable part of the tree is the bark, from which is obtained one of the best and most widely used tanning extracts. Except around Cranberry, in Mitchell county, but little timber has been cut in this State for this purpose. It is one of the most wasteful practices, as, after the bark is removed, no use is made of the rest of the stock. Tsuga Caroliniana, Kngel., the Carolina hemlock, is a much smaller tree than the preceding, and while resembling it some in general appearance, instead of having its light, graceful aspect, is stiffer and looks more like a spruce or fir. It is quite rare, being found at intervals along and near the Blue Ridge from Georgia to Virginia, growing on dry ridges and exposed cliffs. The bark has tanning properties similar to those of the true hemlock. Both of these trees are known under the local name of spruce pine. Picca Mariana, (Mill.) P. S. B., the black spruce, or he balsam as it is called in the mountains of this State where it occurs, is found along many of the high mountains, forming on them dense sombre forests. The trees are as a general thing not large, though occasion- ally specimens may be three feet through and eighty or ninety feet high. It has been used to some extent in the mountains for a building material but it is too inaccessible for general use at the present time. Abies Fraseri, Pursh, the Carolina balsam is found on many of the highest mountain summits. The wood of this tree has considera- ble resonant properties, and is eminently suitable for the manufacture of sounding boards to musical instruments. The balsam or fir resin is found in blisters in its bark. It is used medicinally and is gathered to some extent. Nine white oaks occur in North Carolina; seven of these are large trees, one is a medium sized tree, and one is a shrub. Quercus alba, !<., the white oak is decidedly the most valuable oak which occurs in this State. It is found in every county but is most abundant in the Piedmont region, though it reaches its largest size on the lower slopes of the mountains, where bowever above an elevation of 3,000 feet, it seldom occurs. In the Coastal it is rare except on moist loamy soils, being altogether absent from the river and swamp lands and equally so from the loose Thb Forest Trees. 45- sandy pine lands. But throughout the Piedmont region it is to be found on nearly all soils, either in company with other oaks and hickories, or with pine, and is very often the most prominent feature in the forest, particularly in second growth woods on a good soil. Trees four feet in diameter with clear stems of from forty to sixty feet are not infrequently cut. The qualities of its timber are well known: tough, compact and elastic, light brown in color, with a thin sap-wood. In contact with the soil it is one of the most durable woods and cross ties made from it last from seven to eight years. Some rims are made from it and a great many felloes and wagon spokes. Quarter-sawed to show the silver grain, it is used for furniture and ofl&ce finishing. Its bark is considered one of the best for tanning and it is largely used for that. When the wood is to be bent or split young and vigorous trees are preferred as being tougher and more elastic, many barrel staves being split from it, for which purpose it is preferred to the other oaks. Its growth is rapid and it reproduces itself rapidly both from seed and stump-shoots. Quercus monticola, Michx., the rock chestnut oak, is somewhat similar to the white oak in the qualities of its timber; but the wood is darker in color, harder and more difficult to work. This tree grows only in the upper districts, usually along dry ridges with various red oaks, and in such situations becomes only a medium sized tree; but along the foot hills of the higher mountains, on a more fertile soil, individual specimens are often found five feet in diameter. This tree is rarely unsound, and for this reason is preferred to all other of the inland oaks for ties and posts. The bark, which is gray, deeply furrowed and thick is better than that of all the other eastern oaks for tanning and there are several tanneries in the western part of North Carolina which are extensively using it. The supply in all of the higher mountain counties is large, as in none of these counties has bark ever been gathered. A great waste of timber goes on where ever trees are cut for their bark as the wood is rarely utilized. On dry and rocky soil the chestnut oak makes a shade tree scarcely surpassed, retaining the thickness of its foliage until the trees are old and have reached a large size. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt., the swamp chestnut oak and Q. lyrata, Walt., the over-cup oak, are both found in the swamps of the Pied- mont and Coastal regions. The swamp chestnut oak reaches a larger size than any other of the southern white oaks. On the alluvial lands of the Cape Fear river, specimens of this tree are to be seen 18 to 20 feet in circumference, breast high, with cylindrous or tapering trunks which are free from limbs for fifty or sixty feet. Although 46 North CaroivIna and its Resources. these trees look quite dissimilar in their bark, leaves and acorns, yet their wood has qualities that are alike, the wood of both being rather coarse grained, open and porous and liable to check and warp in drying, and inferior to that of the other white oaks. It is well suited how- ever for furniture and paneling, and large numbers of white oak staves for the West Indias are made from it. Quercus minor, (Marsh.) Sarg., the post oak, is very abundant on dry soil throughout the Piedmont region. In the Coastal, it is frequently found on loamy soils, especially to the north of the Neuse river, and in the mountainous region below an elevation of 2,000 feet. It is a small tree reaching a height which seldom exceeds 50 to 60 feet, with a diameter of 1 8 to 20 inches, although on fertile soils on the Piedmont plateau, it reaches a height of 90 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. It is especially suited for ties and posts on account of its small size and the durability of the wood in contact with the soil, where it will remain sound as long as that of the white oak. The post oak grows rapidly and its young growth is abundant wherever the mature trees occur. Quercus prinoides, Willd., the chinquepin oak, is a frequent shrub in the Piedmont region. The three other arborescent white oaks, Quercus prinoides acuminata, (Michx), *Ashe, the yellow oak; Q. macrocarpa, Michx., the mossy cup oak; and Q. platanoides, (L,am.) Sud., the swamp white oak, are infrequent trees occurring along streams in many parts of the State, but on account of their infrequence, are of little economic importance in North Carolina. Their timber, except that of the first, is inferior in quality to that of the other white oaks, being weaker and more porus. There are nine kinds of red and black oaks found in North Caro- lina. Of these only seven can be classed as timber trees and only the first five of those mentioned below are of economic importance in this State. Quercus rubra, I^. , the northern red oak, is common in the moun- tains along moist slopes or at a high elevation, even on dry ridges, and is found as far to the eastward as Wayne county, along streams and on rich, cool hillsides; but it becomes more infrequent to the eastward. In the mountains, it reaches its largest size, often being 100 to 120 feet high, with a circumference, breast high, of 15 to 22 feet, the tapering trunk free from limbs for two-thirds of its length. Between five thousand and six thousand feet of boards have been cut from a single tree in Jackson county. The wood which is brownish-red in *Q. Prinus var acnminata Miclix. Hist. Chen. Am. 5, /. 8. Thb Forest Trees. 47 color and coarse grained, is considered one of the best for furniture making, since it works easily and takes a good polish. Quercus volutina, lyam., the black oak, is a large tree 2 to 3 feet in diameter and 50 to 80 feet in height, found in nearly every county in North Carolina, but infrequent in the southeastern counties and around the higher mountains. It is in the deep red and gray loam soils of the Piedmont region that it becomes most abundant and reaches its largest size. On these loams, associated with the white, Spanish and post oaks and red-heart hickory, it becomes the con- spicuous feature in the forest. The wood is not so even grained as that of the northern red oak, which it much resembles, but it is more easily worked and furniture manufacturers in the towns in the middle part of the State find it well suited to their requirements. Quercus velutina coccinea, (Wang.), Ashe,* the scarlet oak, bears some resemblance to the black oak, but is a smaller tree in every way. In North Carolina it is usually called spotted oak, on account of its light gray bark with black stripes or spots on it near the base of the trunk. The wood is coarser grained and more brittle than that of the black oak and is not so highly valued. In many places, however, it is preferred for fellys and for clapboards, which when made from it are said "to never wear out." Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sud., the Spanish oak or southern red oak, is a large tree common in the Coastal region on loamy soils and in the Piedmont region, but not common in the mountainous. It has wood resembling that of the preceding red oaks, but it checks in drying and decays more rapidly on exposure. Most of the red oak staves made in the eastern part of the State are from the wood of this tree. Quercus digitata pago daefolia, (EU.), Ashe,t the swamp red oak, is a tree having a general resemblance to the Spanish oak, but it occurs only on the margins of streams in the Piedmont and Coastal regions. The wood is similar to that of the Spanish oak, and is put to the same uses. Quercus Texana, Buckley, and Q. palustris, Duroi, are oaks found along streams in the Piedmont plateau region. They are red oaks, but are not frequent enough to have distinctive names given them in this State. Quercus Catesbaei, Michx, the forked-leaf black-jack and Q. Marylandica, Muench, the black-jack oak are common on poor land *Q. coccinea Wang. Am. 44, t. 4, f. 9. f Q. falcata var. pagodasfolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. ii, 230. 48 North Carolina and its Resources. in the Piedmont and Coastal regions of the State, the first being con- fined to sandy soil in the latter region. There are four water and willow oaks in North Carolina. None of them are large trees and all have wood coarse grained and porous and liable to check in drying. Ouercus aquatica (Lam.) "Walt., the water oak and Q. phellos, Tf., the willow oak, are found throughout the eastern half of the State along and near water courses. The wood of the willow oak is better than that of the water oak and is largely used for fellys. Both trees are abundant, especially eastward and young trees are common where ever there are old trees. Their trunks are rarely over three feet in diameter, and 60 to 70 feet is about the average height of the trees. Quercus laurifolia, Michx., the laurel -leaved oak, occurs only along and near the coast. Its foliage is evergreen, or nearly so. Thev/ood is somewhat better than that of the water oak and the tree is usually larger than the water oak. Quercus imbricaria, Michx., the shingle or turkey oak, is a medium-sized tree found on the banks of mountain streams; and Q. brevifolia, Michx., is a small tree which grows on the sandy lands in the eastern part of the State. Quercus Virginiana, Mill., the live oak, is a large tree found only along the coast. It is short bodied, the trunk rarely being over ten feet long, but becomes four or five feet in diameter. The wood is v€ry hard and is susceptible of a fine polish, but is difGcult to work and is heavier than that of any other of the oaks of the eastern United States. Castanea sativa Americana, W. and C, the chestnut, is one of the largest trees in North Carolina, reaching frequently a diameter of seven or eight feet. The wood is soft and splits easily and straight, and in contact with the soil or when exposed is extremely durable. Ties made from it last from eight to ten years. It takes a good polish and is suitable for cabinet work and interior finishing. On account of its durability it is largely used for ties, telegraph posts, and fence rails. It is one of the most abundant trees in the moun- tain region, but is rare to the east of the Blue Ridge. It sprouts fireely from the stump and young growth is common near mature trees. The gathering of its sweet edible fruit is an industry of some importance in the mountain counties in the late autumn if it has been a fruitful season. Fagus ferruginea. Ait., the beech, is a medium-sized tree occur- ring along streams or on wet hillsides throughout the State. The wood of the beech is compact, and difficult to split; in color it is The; Forkst Teees. 49 nearly white. It is used for making shoe lasts and tool handles. Betula lutea, Michx., the yellow birch, is very abundant in the cool, moist hollows of the higher mountains, where it reaches a diameter of four or five feet. Its white wood is frequently wavy grained or curly and is largely manufactured into veneering for pianos and furniture. Betula lenta, L., the cherry birch, is more frequent in the moun- tains than the preceding tree. The wood, light red in color and susceptible of a fine polish, is sawn in many places on the mountains and used in furniture making, for which it is well suited. From the bark is distilled birch oil, used as a substitute for' wintergreen in flavoring. Betula nigra, ly., the black birch, is a small tree, with a porous, coarse grained wood, very common along streams in most parts of the State. The wood is well suited for the manufacture of trucking barrels and crates. The two most common ashes in the State are Fraxinus Americana, ly., the white ash, and F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh., the green ash, the first being found along water courses in all parts of the State, and the latter in the Piedmont and Coastal regions. The wood of the white ash is better than that of the others, but there is not much difierence. The wood is light, soft and elastic. F. Caroliniana Mill., the water ash, is a small tree growing in deep swamps in the eastern part of the State. Robinia pseudacacia, L,., the yellow locust, is, as a forest tree, confined to the mountains, where, on rich slopes, it becomes a tree 80 feet high and 3 feet in diameter. The firm wood, which is very durable, is largely used for pins, posts, treenails and in turnery. The locust has been planted and become naturalized all through the State. Prunus serotina, Ehrh., the wild black cherry, is found through- out North Carolina, but it is only on the cool slopes of the higher mountains that it becomes large enough to be considered a timber tree. In such situations, however, it often forms a trunk four feet through and sixty feet long, and forms a considerable part of the forest. It attains its largest size in this State. The beautiful reddish wood is extensively used for making furniture. Liqnidambar styraciflua, I^., the sweet gum, reaches a height of 100 and a diameter of five feet and ranks among the largest trees. The red or brownish wood takes a fine polish and is used to some extent in the making of furniture and for flooring. Its most serious defect is that it is liable to warp but this can be prevented by careful 5® North Caroi^ina and its Resources. drying. In the form of veneer it is largely used for making packing boxes, crates and truck barrels. It is found only in swamps or near streams but in such situations is extremely common, except in the Mountain region. Three elms occur in North Carolina, Ulmus Americana, 1^., the white elm; U. alata, Michx., the southern elm; and U. fulva, Michx., the slippery elm. The white elm is the largest and most abundant of these trees. It is found in swamps in the Piedmont and Coastal regions where it becomes a large sized tree. Kxcept for making hubs and fruit crates the timber is put to but few uses. All of the elms are much used as shade trees. Celtis occidentalis, I^., the hack berrj^ is a large tree growing along streams in most parts of the State, with foliage resembling that of the elm. The wood however is weak and heavy and is rarely used except for fencing. Morus rubra, L., the mulberry, occurs in moist places in nearly erery part of the State. Although the bright yellow wood takes a beautiful polish, it is little used. Platan us occidentalis, L-, the sycamore or buttonwood, is a large tree, becoming six feet through, found along streams in all parts of the State. The strong heavy wood is used for making boxes for plug tobacco, and quarter sawed, when it shows a beautifully marked grain, for panels for furniture and interior finish. When turned into veneer it shows handsome markings and in this form is used in house finishing. Juglans cinerea, L/., the butternut or white walnut, is not a very common tree even in the mountain counties where it occurs most frequently. The light brown wood is sometimes used for furniture making. It takes a polish nearly equal to that of the black walnut. Juglans nigra, L,., the black walnut, grows in all parts of the State along streams or, in the mountains, on rich, cool hillsides. In the Piedmont and Coastal regions there are few trees remaining except around dwellings and along fence rows, but a great many are yet standing in the mountain counties. Trees have been cut in the mountains four feet in diameter and seventy feet to the lowest limb, but the average diametor is not over two feet, with a clear stem of 40 or 50 feet. It is a tree of rapid growth and would well repay extensive planting. Hicoria aquatica, (Michx. f.) Brit., the rice field hickory and H. minima, (Marsh.) Brit., the bitternut hickory, are found along water- courses or in moist places, the first only in the southeastern part of the State and the last throughout. Their wood is softer and more brittle and inferior to that of the other hickories. H. alba, (I/.) Thk Forkst Trees. 51 Brit.,* the wliite-lieart hickory is one of the most common kinds and although it does not become as large a tree as the others, has wood of a superior quality, being very elastic and tough. The wood of this species is largely white; of all the others brownish. It is pre- ferred to the others, particularly for buggy spokes and rims, tool handles and hoops. The other kinds are, however, largely used for these purposes when the white-heart cannot be obtained. H. laciniosa, (Michx.) Sarg., the great shag-bark, is found at intervals through the middle part of the State. Hicoria ovata, (Mill.) Brit. ,t the shag-bark hickory, is a large and valuable tree found along streams and on rich hillsides through the Piedmont region and to a less extent in the mountains. The brown wood splits exceedingly straight and easily and for this reason it is considered excellent for hoops. H. odorata, (Marsh.) Sarg., the red-heart hickorj^ is the common large upland hickory. The bark is sometimes scaly and for that reason, it is called scaly bark in the eastern part of the State. The wood is considered scarcely inferior to that of the white-heart hickory and is put to the same uses. It is very common, particularly on the deep red loams in the Piedmont region. H. glabra, (Mill.) Brit., the pignut hickory, is a smaller tree than the preceding, and grows generally on poorer or rockier soil. The wood is inferior to that of the red -heart hick- ory in elasticity and strength. It is common in parts of the State, but in other sections quite rare. There are two species of Tilia or linden, whitewood or basswood of the north, which are abundant enough to be of economic import- ance. These are the linden and white linden, both abundant in the mountains. The wood of both is white and soft, and is used for ceil- ing, in furniture and buggy manufacture. It also makes good wood pulp. The southern linden, which is found along the coast is a small and rare tree. Aesculus octandra, Marsh., the buckeye, has soft wood suitable for ceiling and such uses. It reaches in the mountains a large size, four feet in diameter and eighty feet high, and is abundant there. There are four large maples in North Carolina . The red maple, Acer rubrum, L., is the most frequently met and is the only one in any part of the Coastal region. The wood, nearly white, is softer than that of the other species, and is sawn for finishing the interior of cars. *Carya tormentosa, Nutt. fCarya alba, Nutt. 52 North Caroi.ina and its Resourcks. The Acer barbatum, Michx. the sugar or rock maple, is as abundant in the mountain counties as the red maple is in the eastern; it is found to some extent in the middle counties and sparingly in the eastern. It is the largest of the maples. The wood is light brown and hard. The bird's eye and curly forms of it are frequently met with. The black maple, Acer nigrum, Michx., is an infrequent tree confined to the mountains. Acer saccharinum L.,*the white maple, or hard maple as it is sometimes called, is a large tree with wood something like that of the sugar maple. It is confined to the western part of the State. There are three other arborescent maples in North Caro- lina, but their timber has no commercial value. I^iriodendron tulipifera, L., the yellow poplar, attains its largest dimensions in North Carolina, where in the mountain counties it grows to a height of 120 feet or over, with a diameter, breast high, of seven or eight feet. It is found, however, throughout the State and is largely used for building material, furniture, making packing boxes, crates and wood pulp. Magnolia acuminata, I^., the cucumber tree, a large tree found frequently in the mountains, has wood similar to that of the yellow poplar and applicable to the same uses. There are five other species of Magnolia occurring in the State, but they are, from their infrequence or small size, of no economic importance here. Hard-wood trees, like dog-wood, persimmon, iron wood and horn- beam are common in all parts of the State, and the same can be said of sassafras and black gums. FORESTRY ON THE BILTMORE ESTATE. Biltmore Estate was the first one in this country to establish a Department of Forestry and to manage its forests upon a practical forestry basis. The United States is behind all other civilized nations in the manner for caring for its timber lands. The government lately has waked up to this fact, and realized that the only way to save our forests was to place them under forest management. On the Biltmore Estate, the endeavor has been to carry out only those principles of forestry which apply as well to the government forests, or those owned by a lumbering firm. Forestry that does not pay is no forestry at all; hence, many methods which are considered of first importance in the forests of France and Germany are denied to us, for the simple reason that forestry in this country is still in its infancy. *Acer dasycarpum, 'Bihrh. THE VANDERBILT ESTATE — DRIVEWAY — MANSION — BILTMORE STATION. Forestry on the Biltmore Estate. 53 The Forest Department of the estate has under its charge about 110,000 acres of wood lands, a much larger tract than is usually- assigned to any one forester. These wood lands are divided into two distinct parts; the first, containing 10,000 acres, lies in the valley of the French Broad river and is known as the Biltmore Forest; the second part, containing nearly 100,000 acres, lies almost entirely in the mountains, and is known as Pisgah Forest, so called from Mt. Pisgah which has an elevation of over 5,000 feet. These two forests cannot be treated upon the same system. In Biltmore Forest the main obj ect has been to increase the value of the growing stock, to protect the more valuable from the faster growing species, and gradu- ally to secure an even aged wood, which is important, as it facilitates the management of the forests in a great degree. Before Mr. Vander- bilt bought Biltmore Forest, most of the large timber trees had been cut down, so it was decided, as there was a good sale in fire wood in both Biltmore and Asheville, to grow only trees for fire wood. The forest was composed almost entirely of oak and pine. The pine is a much faster growing tree than the oak, and the oak is the more valuable of the two, hence something had to be done to help along the oaks. This was accomplished by either giving the oaks a start in their youth, by sowing them in distinct groups, or by cutting back the pines when threatening to over-top and kill the oaks. A suffi- ciently dense covering must be kept at all times, in order that the soil may not deteriorate. Pisgah Forest has never been lumbered out. Here the timber has reached a large size, and the Forest Department is growing only timber trees, as it would not pay to bring fire wood from so great a distance. Mr. Vanderbilt has bought a band saw mill at Asheville; splash dams will be built on the creeks in Pisgah Forest, and the logs will be splashed into the French Broad river and carried on down to the Mill. The amount of timber which shall be cut in Pisgah Forest each year, and the same holds good for the amount of fire wood in Biltmore Forest, is fixed by what is known as the "sanctioned annual yield." This is the amount of wood that is added to the tree each year, and from this we are able to find the amount of wood added to the whole forest each year. If we cut no more than this our fortsts will surely not be diminished. Then too, there has been a great improvement over the usual methods of lumbering. Kvery tree that is to be cut is selected by the forester; no trees under a certain diameter are taken. The mother trees are left to seed the ground again, which they do most liberally 54 North Carolina and its Re;source;s. in this climate, but most important of all, the undergrowth is especially looked after. Every tree is felled carefully, and the smallest possible amount of damage is done. I have only stated here the simplest principles, but by these means the forests of the Estate are improving year, by year. BILTMORE NURSERY AND ABORETUH. A little more than six years ago a nursery was established on the alluvial deposits of the Swannanoa river, at Biltmore, for propagating large numbers of native and hardly exotic forest trees and shrubs, and, as this industry has developed into one of the largest and most complete and consistent establishments of its kind, an outline of the progress and results obtained, together with the future plans, may be of general interest. Up to the time of the founding of the nursery very little was known regarding the capabilities of the soil and climate of the locality. Barring the tangible evidence of the indigenous species and a few foreign plants that were sparingly used about the homes of the residents, the plan of procedure was largely based upon the available meteorological data. That the scope of the undertaking might not be circumscribed by lines falling within the possibilities of the natural surroundings, considerable freedom was exercised in ordering the first consignments of stock plants. Orders were placed with the leading nurseries of the world for woody plants coming within the range of the definition above explained; in fact, everything of this nature that could be procured from the commercial nurseries and likely to thrive in the locality was included. It will readily be admitted that the first season's work was one of experiment. Every precaution was taken to encourage the plants to produce a well balanced growth and thoroughly ripen the same before the time of killing frosts. Finally, the ground was placed in the best mechanical condition to withstand the effects of winter. With intense interest, every stage of development and effect being carefully recorded, the entire aggregation of plants was watched. The first winter, fortunately, was not severe, and although some losses were sustained, the majority of the species entered upon their second season with increased vigor. On the advent of the second winter the stock could not have been in better condition to withstand the hardships which followed. The winter was very severe, accompanied by several remarkable depressions of the thermometer. With such a test it is evident that the surviving plants will serve as an invaluable criterion to the planter in the mountain district. Bii^tmore; Nursrey and Aborktum. 55 Having thus gained the key to success, the employees are kept busy propagating the desirable species and varieties, and a glance at the great range of glass, frames and land leads one to believe that the annual output might reach vast and astonishing numbers. Since the erection of the first propagating house, between three and four millions of forest trees and shrubs have been turned over to the plant- ers. In addition to this, at the present writing, nearly two millions of plants are in course of development, and the annual output may now be estimated at something over two millions of plants. Although the list of species and varieties in cultivation on the nursery is a large one, it is not complete. Many kinds of plants known to science have never been cultivated, and are, consequently, only procurable through the agency of collectors or botanical exchanges. Here again, the nursery, through its paid collectors and generous contributors, is constantly adding rare or little known plants to its collection. Among the extremely rare plants recently introduced into cultivation are two from the State of North Carolina, species which were but imperfectly known to botanical science, namely, the dwarf sumach (Rhus michauxi, Sargent) and the deciduous kalmia (Kalmia cuneata, Michaux). A pertinent question might arise as to the intrinsic value of many of the plants thus neglected or not in cultivation. A direct answer could not be given at the present time, but their value in pleasing combinations of foliage or flower in landscape planting or home decoration is possible. To the student of certain branches of natural history they have an added charm, and when it is considered that the efforts of the nursery in this respect are preliminary steps towards the establishment of a vast museum of living trees and shrubs, to be called the Biltmore Arboretum, in which will be illustrated examples of every species and sub-species of woody vegetation that will thrive unprotected in the soil and climate of the locality, its future object will be better understood. To facilitate the compilation of the list of plants to be represented, their identification and subsequent classification necessary for their distribution in the arboretum, a magnificent library and several herbaria (collections of dried plants) have been installed in the nursery buildings as a nucleus for the great undertaking. The library already contains a large number of the masterpieces in botanical lit- erature, and additions w'ill be made as rapidly as suitable works can be procured. Among the herbaria represented is the type collection of Dr. A. W. Chapman, upon which he based his work, the "Flora of the Southern United States. ' ' The botanical collectors are now en- 56 North Carolina and its Resources. gaged in preparing thousands of botanical specimens illustrating the flora of Western North. Carolina, and it is expected to offer these specimens and many others from our vast country, either living or dried, in exchange for material not represented in the present collec- tion. Although no planting has yet been done on the arboretum, active work has been in progress for some time; the energy being expended in laying out the line and making the necessary clearings. In effect, the arboretum will appear as a line of road traversing the valleys and slopes for a total distance, including several loop roads, of about twelve miles. On either side, and extending back for two hundred feet or more, will be planted the trees and shrubs it is intended to exhibit, first, in isolated specimens, second, in small masses, and third, in bulk. To plant this vast area with suitable specimens and to provide a living blanket to protect and cover the intervening ground and space beneath the spread of the greater trees, it will require possibly more than ten million plants. Beginning with the first species coming within the classification to be adopted, one may pass along the line and view the ligneous plants of many temperate countries in botanical sequence, at least so far as the peculiarities of soil and exposure will admit of such an arrangement. When the progress of the nursery and aboretum has sufficiently advanced and the proposed plantings have reached char- acteristic peculiarities, it is expected that the student and lover of plants may find ample field for study and recreation; the planter, the types of beauty appealing to his senses, and the artist, the shades and tints of Flora in her seasons. FLORA. The flora of any region includes all the indigenous or native plants, and such foreign species as have been introduced and show their ability to maintain themselves without cultivation. A flora includes flowering or phaenogamous plants as well as flowerless or cryptogamous plants, but only such as grow wild. The specific con- stitution of a flora depends firstly upon the climate, and secondly upon the geology of a district. A third modifjdng force is composed of numerous smaller factors of less importance than either of the above; but which in the aggregate amount to a very considerable influence. Among such factors we may enumerate the following: C/1 O CO D O z UJ O Q o CO Flora. 57 (i) Age and condition of civilization. (2)Density of population. (3) Methods of agriculture. (4) Presence or absence of railroads and navigable streams. In a climate like ours virgin soils are usually covered by forest growth, which by its varying density shelters a greater number of species of low growing plants than unwooded land shows. As settle- ments grow older and population denser, the forest gives way to tilled fields and introduced crops which crowd out the native species of lesser economic value. Crops like cotton and corn which require clean cultivation are far more destructive to the native species than are meadows and pastures where native plants have a chance to com- pete with the introduced grasses. Railroads and navigable rivers help to introduce and spread foreign plants and in so far they are un- favorable to the native flora. The introduced species now in North Carolina come from Europe, Eastern Asia, South America and the Northern Middle States in about the order given. To most non-scientific persons the general aspect or physiognomy of a flora are of more interest than its specific constitution. A well watered and varied landscape covering hill and dale, with interspersed groves and green open spots is to all more agreeable than a monotonous stretch of woodland or plain. The total number of distinct species growing within a circle of say twenty-five miles diameter, in a fertile and well varied district, is from 1000 to 1200, not including microscopic fungi. The great naturalist, Humboldt, after a long life spent in study- ing nature in all parts of the globe, wrote: " The character of nature in different regions is most intimately associated with the history of the human race and its mental culture. Climatic relations have to a great extent influenced the character of nations and the degree of gloom or cheerfulness in the dispositions of men. Who does not feel differently affected beneath the shade of a beechen grove, on hills covered by pines, and in a flowering meadow where the breeze mur- murs through the trembling foliage of the birch?" The same author classifies vegetation as directly affecting land- scape, and indirectly human character, into sixteen forms represent- ing as many kinds of climate or geological formation. First there is the palm form characteristic of the moist hot climate of the tropics. Associated with this, we usually find the banana which furnishes the chief subsistence of the languid natives of torrid climes. The mallow form — most familiar to us in the swamp hibiscus, the garden, althea and holly-hock, and among economic plants, cotton and okra is characteristic of a warm, temperate, moist climate. The mimosa 58 jSTorth Carolina and its Resources. form — trees witii light green, pinnate leaves like the black locust — is characteristic of a climate cooler and drier than that in which the mallow form luxuriates. The pine form, including all cone-bearing evergreens, is characteristic of a cold-temperate climate. The aerial orchid form is tropical as are also large leaved herbaceous plants such as the caladium and arum. The trailing form, or vines, is most common in the climate where the mallow form is at home. Ferns, sedges and grasses seem to possess greater powers of adaptation than any other plant families, but we find them most luxuriant in the torrid zone where grasses become tall, woody bamboos and ferns become trees. A comprehensive study of nature teaches us that where geological causes do cot interfere all forms of organic life, except only mental and moral endowment, increases in its abundance, vigor and perfection from the poles to the equator. In traversing this distance, we find, however, that each zone has its own peculiar beauties and forms of life. In each zone, too, we find a certain co-ordination between the vegetal and animal life, and where men exist their social condition or the state of civilization. In the frigid zone where the somber pine form characterizes vegetation savage and untamable beasts abound, and the mental development of mankind becomes stunted, rigid and gloomy. In the torrid zone where vegetation runs riot, and there are no seasons nor apparent changes of foliage during growth, we find subtle and treacherous wild beasts like the panther. Here humans seem to become cruel as the beasts and as ungovernable as the unreclaimable forests and jungles among which they live. In the temperate zone with its succession of seasons, its deciduous flora and flowery meadows, we find native the teachable animals and the most advanced nations of men. In the temperate zone geological causes affect the composition of the native flora and the characters of the animals and men which inhabit therein much more powerfully than seems to be the case in either the frigid or torrid zones where climate is all powerful. In the temperate zone where ever we find an arid or barren soil there we find also the more puny animals and men with minds and characters as meagre as their lands. The moral of all this is, that in seeking a new home, we should consider carefully the unmodifiable factors of climate, geology and locality as shown at least in part by the nature of the indigenous flora. The State of North Carolina lies between the parallels 33° 50' and 36° 33^ of north latitude. Its eastern side, 187^ miles long, is washed by the Atlantic Ocean; its furtherest western extension is Flora. 59- 503^ miles inland, the average elevation above the sea level is 640 feet. The highest point is Mitchell's Peak, 6,888 feet. The total area is 52,286 square miles, of which 3,620 square miles are water, and 48,666 square miles land. Climatically, about two-thirds of the State belongs to the northern or temperate t^^pe, and the remainder to the southern or sub-tropical type. The State is divided by geo- logical causes into three well-marked districts each having a distinct and different flora. The Coastal Plain region consists of a low, sandy plain of about 150 miles in width, which in comparatively recent times, geologically speaking, has emerged from the sea. Ex- tensive swamps fringe the coast along its whole extent. The long leaf or southern pine, — Pinus Atcstralis, Mx. is the pre- dominant growth, with the loblolly pine, — Pinus iaeda, Mx. and scrub oak Quercus Catesbaei as secondary factors. The herbaceous growth, is chiefly wire grass, — Aristida sticta^ Mx. and A. purpurea, Mx. Plants of the composite or aster family abound in their seasons, the most common genera being Chrysopsis, Silphhan, Aster, Peierocaulon, Helianthus and Liatris. Leguviijious plants, chiefly Lupimis, Tephrosia and Siylosayithes abound, but as a whole the drier portion of this region is very poor in species. Along streams, "branches" as they are called, we find a more luxuriant growth. Here, in addi- tion to the above species, we find among trees and shrubs oaks of many species. Sour Gum, Nyssa agzcaiica L.; Sweet Bay, Gordonia Lasianthus, L; and its close relative ^S/z^ar/z'^ Virginiea, Cav. — both of which belong to the camellia and tea family. The "he-huckleberry," Cyrilla racemiflora, Walt, abounds and the great bay. Magnolia Grandifiora, L. comes almost to the Cape Fear river. The palmettos, Sabal Palmetto, R. & S. and kS*. Adanso?in, Guerns, come as far North as the Cape Fear river. Among under-shrubs, the most common genera are the blue-berries, Vacciyiiuni and Gaylussa- cia; stagger bushes, A^ndromeda; sumachs and related genera; the spice bush, Clethra; button bush, Cephalanthus ; yopon, Ilex; alder, Alnus; pepper bush. Ilea, and Jersey tea, Ceanothus. Among the climbing vines, we find in profusion the grape Vitis, four species; Smilax, seven species; Clematis, two species; Virginia creeper, trumpet flower, Tecoma; cross vine, Bigno7iia; Carolina jessamine; wild ginger, Decuniaria; and passion flower, Passiflora incaranta. L. The southern cane grasses, Arundinaria giganiea and A. tecta cover the- banks of streams to the nearly complete exclusion of other species of this family. In the swamps the prevailing trees are the bald cypress Taxo- dium disiichum, Rich, and white cedar, Cupressus thyoides, L. Along' 6o North Carolina and its Resource;s. the coast, live oak Quercus vire?is, L. occurs. All of these trees within the influence of tide water are apt to be covered by the abun- dant festoons of the southern long moss, Tillandsia usneoides, L. which is not a moss at all, but an epiphytic plant closely related to the pine apple and to the aerial orchids of the torrid zone. We find in wet and boggy situations Saggitaria, Aletris, Tofieldia^ Zigadetius, Lachnanthes, Pleea, Xyris, and the very rare spoon-flower, Xanthosma saggiiifolia, Schott, Here also we find quite a variety of interesting carnivorous plants. The most celebrated of these is the Venus fly-trap, Dioneae muscip^da, Ellis. This does not occur north of the Neuse river nor much below the southern boundary of the State. It is most abundant around Wilmington, but the recent extensive development of truck farming in that neighborhood threatens the speedy annihila- tion of this plant. Besides Dioneae we find five species of carnivorous pitcher plants, viz. Sarracenia rubra, Walt.; S. varzolaris, Mx.; S. Jlava,L./ S. purpurea,!..; and a. donhtfulspecies, S.Dro7?i7no7idiz, Croofn, near the South Carolina line. There are also four species of sundew, Drosera filiformis , Raf; D. longifolia, L.; D. rotiindifolia L.; and D. brevifolia. Ph.; Pinguicula lutea, Walt; and P. elatior, Mx. together with the closely related bladderworts, Utricularia injlata, Walt; U. vulgaris, L; U. subulata, L. and U. cor7iuta. Mx. complete the list of carnivorous or insect eating plants found in this district. In like places we find a great abundance of bull-rushes, Jiincus, lo species; cat-tails, 2 species; sedges, including about 18 genera and no species. Of grasses, besides th.Q cax\.es, Paspalum, 10 species; Pafii- cum, 25 to 27 species; Uniola, 3 species; Andropogoyi, 7 species; Eria7ithus, 2 species; Elymus, 2 species; Arisdidia, 5 to 6 species; Sporobolus, 3 species; Leersia, 4 species and Zizania, 2 species. Of the flora of the Piedmont Plateau region we shall write more briefly. The region has been long settled and more thoroughly cultivated than either of the others, and the result is that the original indigenous growth has been here largely destroyed or supplanted by introduced species. This is now a country of rolling red clay up- lands whereon all the common plants and crops of the middle states are at home. Cotton, tobacco, grasses and cereal grains are the chief staples. Oaks, hickories and elms are the predominating trees with short leaf pine — Pinus mitis Mx. on the ridges separating the water sheds of different streams. The flora is a mixture of the flora of the eastern and western districts with a very large per cent, of intro- duced species familiar to dwellers in the middle states and Kurope. The Mountain region of the State includes the foot hills and all the valleys and domes of the Blue Ridge and Smoky mountains. Flora. 6i This region has been until comparatively recent date quite inac- cessible, and hence the original growth is still everywhere to be seen, though the axe and fire of the lumberman is now only too frequently heard and seen in the land. The predominating forest growth is oaks, hickories, black-walnut, chestnut, cherry, white poplar (JLiriodendron)^ magnolias — five species in the valleys; and white-pine, white spruce, hemlock spruce and balsam fir on the higher peaks. On the middle terraces birches, limes, elmSj ashes, maples, and willows complete the very northern forest flora. In this case the high altitude gives us a climate equivalent to that which high latitude gives to more northern States, and the forest growth partakes of the same character. The undergrowth, both shrubby and herbaceous, is however, very different from the corresponding flora of northern climes. Here beneath a characteristically northern forest growth we find a typical southern undergrowth. Besides the gorgeous flowers of the semi-shrubby magnolias, we find in profusion the even more striking bloom of the rhododendrons, of which there are eight native species. Here is the original home of the Rhododendron catawbiense, Mx. the parent of our finest cultivated rhododendrons. Of kalmia or "calico bush" there are three species, and related genera of the Ericaceous family almost too numerous to mention. Cranberry bogs are frequent and Stuartia pentagyna — a different and less showy species than that found in the coast district — abounds. Spireas of several species; hydrangea, two species, and Viburrium, eight species are very abundant. The service berry — Amelanchier, is much esteemed for its fruit, which is usually obtained by cutting down the tree which here grows 25 to 30 feet high. Among the climbers are grapes, three species; trumpet flower; Virginia creeper; honey-suckle, three species; smilax or green brier, three species; moon seed, (^Menispermuni); poison^ sumach; Dectiviaria barbata, L.; wild ginger or dutchman's pipe, Aristolochia sipho, JL^ Her, and Virgin's bower Glemaiis, two species. The herbaceous growth is particularly rich in composite plants. Nearly all the northern and most of the southern species of aster and solidago, or golden rod, abound. In early summer travelers by railroad often pass for miles through lands thickly covered by the bright yellow flowers of Senecio aureus, L. var. iomentosus, Mx. supplanted later in the season by Bidens and Coreopsis. In cool moist Spots violets abound in great profusion. Fifteen species are found, all of which grow to an unusual size. On rocky cliffs we find plants of the saxifrage family every where. The most common genera are- 62 North Caroi^ina and its Resource;s. Saxifriga, five species; Astilbe; Hcuchera, five species; Tiarclla and Mitella. The pink family is represented by Silene, five species; Alsine, three species; Spergula and Paronychia. The beautiful evergreen, and round leaved, Galax aphylla, L. is fairly common. The long lost and much sought for plant Shoriia galacifolia, Gray, has been recently found in several places, but has now been nearly extirpated by the rapacity of collectors. Lily of the valley; terrestrial orchids, Lilium, three species; TrilliMm, five species; Acorus, Orontium, and Arisaema are all very common. The partridge berry, MitcheUia; and liver leaf, Hepatica with various grasses and ferns form the ground carpet. At the cryptogamic flora of the State, we must only glance. Of ferns our flora numbers 38 to 40 species. Ground pine, (^Lycopodium,) ten species; liver-worts, 70 to 75 species; mossess, about 200 species; lichens, about 220 species; algae and sea weeds, about 50 species; fungi, 2,500 species, of which nearly 100 species are edible mush- rooms. The total number of species of plants recorded from this State is about 5,500, but as the cryptogams have not been very exhaustively investigated, it is likely that the number of species will eventually reach over 6,000. No State in the Union, nor any country of similar area any where, can show a more varied flora than North Carolina, nor one which contains a greater number of indigenous plants of high economic value. From early colonial days, North Carolina has been the chief scource of the yellow pine lumber and naval stores consumed in or exported from the United States. This business has now, however, passed to virgin fields further south, and where the axe of the woodman and hacker of turpentine gatherer erstwhile resounded, we now see the plow and the pruning knife of the fruit grower and truck farmer. Our swamp lands still yield largely of cedar, cypress, gum and similar valuable timbers. While our mountains contain vast quantities of the most valuable hard wood suitable for furniture and cabinet work. This State has for over twenty years furnished the main supply of the sweet chestnuts sold in the stores — the spontane- ous product of our mountain slopes. For decades. North Carolina has been the chief source of the national supply of crude vegetable drugs. This industry has now reached an extension and volume, the importance of which but few outside the medical and phaimaceutical professions appreciate. The number of distinct species of important medical plants found growing wild in this State is about seven hundred. CATAWBA FALLS — McDowell county. Flora, 63 We have already spoken of the influence of geological formation on the superimposed plant growth. A few words on the value of indigenous plants as indicators of the agricultural worth of the underlying soil will close this chapter. Plants, unlike animals, are unable to change their habitations and therefore in the course of time in accordance with the law of *' survival of the fittest," each species becomes specially adapted to one kind of soil. The species which do not adapt themselves fail to hold their ground and are supplanted by the species which do. Hence the surviving and "fittest" species become trustworthy indicators of the nature of the soil — if we know on what kind of soil the species thrives best, or for which it is specially adapted. White oaks, hickories and elms and our most common northern shade trees, thrive best on a rich, strong clay upland soil. Such soil is best adapted, agriculturally, for grasses and cereal grains. The red oaks indicate a rather lighter and drier and poorer soil, better adapted for fruit. Walnut, gum and tulip trees thrive best on a rich moist soil, such as river bottoms. The buckeye, especially the sweet species, (Aesculus Pavid) indicates a soil rich in lime or marl. The chestnut will not grow on soil containing much lime, but luxuri- ates in a potash rich soil. The dog-wood, black jack and scrub oak, indicate a very poor, stony or sandy soil of little agricultural value except for early truck farming and peach and grape growing for northern markets. Among herbaceous plants, the cockle burs and Jamestown weed indicate rich moist soil, and the rag weed indicates a poor one. Asters indicate a thin, dry soil, whereas sun-flowers and most golden- rods abound only on fertile lands. Sedges and ferns grow only upon soil too wet for agricultural purposes. "Broom sedges," grasses, Andropogon, indicate a much worn soil lacking in potash, while the Aristidias, or wire grasses indicate one naturally deficient in all the elements of plant growth. The Malvas, Hibiscus and all plants of the mallow, or cotton, family indicate a moist soil. FAUNA. The native living things belonging to a given region are called its Fauna and Flora, the former including all animals and the latter all plants. It is the Fauna of North Carolina that will now be briefly considered. 64 North Carolina and iTv*? Resources. The distribution of North American land animals has been ably discussed by Dr. J. A. Allen, in the Bulletin, of the American Museum of Natural History, of New York, Vol. 4, 1892, and also by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in the publications of that department (see particularly, Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, 1894.) The classification adopted by Dr, Allen, for faunal areas, is more elaborate than is necessary for use here, and therefore the division of the North American Continent into primary " life zones," by Dr. Merriam, will be the system employed. They are as follows: The Artie Zone, lying north of the northern limit of tree growth, the land of the Polar Bear, Artie Fox and Reindeer and the Hudson- ian Zone, the home of the great Moose and embracing within its limits the upper part of the vast spruce forests of I^abrador and cross- ing the continent to Alaska, are not represented in this State. The Canadian Zone takes in the northern part of New England, New Brunswick, Quebec and northern Ontario, the southern part of Newfoundland, and extends across the continent to the Valley of the Yukon, in Alaska and, in spite of our southern situation, the fauna of this zone occurs in North Carolina along the crests of the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky Mountains. The boundaries of this division with us are, of course, determined by the altitude, the lower limit being about 4,500 feet, (see Brewster, on Birds of Western North Carolina, "Auk, "Jan. 1886). Ofanimals belonging to this fauna. and having a range to the far north but occurring in this State may be mentioned — the Canada Lynx (^Lynx canadensis) and the Red Squirrel {Sciurus hudsonius'), the "Boomer' ' of our mountains. Among the sum- mer birds are the Carolina Snow bird {Junco hyemalis caroiinerisis), Mountain Solitary Vireo ( Vireo solitarins alticold)^ Blackburnian "Warbler {Dendroica blackburniae) ^xnl^x Wren ( Troglodytes kiemalis), Redbreasted Nuthatch {Sitia canadensis), 8lc, It is a remarkable feature of North Carolina animal life that a stretch of country lying between the paralells 34° and 37°, as this State does, should possess among its native animals and birds species that belong naturally to a fauna characteristic of the great forests of Canada and that reaches on its northern border to beyond 60° of north latitude. But to this great degree does the altitude of our mountain peaks modify their southern position. This is the region of such northern trees as the firs and spruces, forests of which cap the towering peaks "of these North Carolina mountain chains. With its upper limit coincident with the lower limit of the Canadian, we come next to the transition zone — the Alleghanian Fauna Fauna. 65 •f Dr. Allen. This seems to be a region in wliich a mingling of southern and northern forms of life is evident, although its character- istic life is sufficiently well defined to admit of its recognition as a faunal division. Among the notable animals belonging to this fauna was, in olden times, the Elk or Wapiti {Cervus canadensis), noble herds of which ranged the mountain sides and valleys of the western region of the old North State. But, alas, that was long ago, and unless reintroduced and afterwards protected, they will never range those mountain sides again. Here also we find that queer animal, the Star-nosed Mole, which is found even to the northern limit of the Canadian Zone. Among the summer birds are Wilson's Thrusk (^Turdus fuscescens), Yellow-throated YirQO (^Vi?'eoJIavifro7is), Rose- breasted Grosbeak (^Habia ludoviciand) . We also find such southern species of birds as Orioles, Catbird {Galeoscopies carolinensis). Brown Thrasher (^HarporhyncJms fufics') and such animals as common Mole {Scalops aquaticus) and Cotton-tail Rabbit {Lepus sylvaticus') mingling with the above. The lower limit of this fauna Mr. Brewster places at about 2,500 feet, but it must be understood that the boundaries of none of these divisions are, or can be, very sharply defined, as there is necessarily a great overlapping of species from one to the other, and this overlapping and mixing of the life belonging to one zone into that of another varies very much with individual localities. That celebrated weather prophet, the Woodchuck or Ground Hog belongs here and is by no means uncommon in suitable localities in western North Carolina. Next we come to the zone that covers a greater amount of the State's area than any other — namely, the Carolinian. This is not a projecting spur from more northerly zones running down into the State only by way of the mountain ranges, as were the two former, but is more especially a fauna of the Piedmont Plateau region and of the western border of the Coastal Plain region of the State. It is, as its name implies, distinctively Carolinian in its character. The Opossum {Didelphys vivginiamis) , the Gray Fox (JJrocyon cinereo- argeniaius), the Fox Squirrel {Sciurus niger), are animals character- istic of this division, and among the birds we find such well known southern forms as Carolina Wren ( Thryoihorus ludovicianus) , Cardinal or Red-bird (^Cardinalis cardinalis,) Gnatcatcher {^Polioptila caerzded). Mocking bird {Mimus polyglottos'). The Molly Cotton-tail {Lepzis sylvatictis), is a common and inextinguishable characteristic feature here, and pretty much the same might be said of our chipper and lively little Bob White — our Partridge, in spite of what the ' ' quail ' ' hunters call him. 66 North CaroivIna and its Resources. Beginning near the coast at the extreme northeast corner of the State, running southward and westward and gradually widening on its way down as latitude modifies altitude we find a strip of country con- taining life features much more tropical in character than those pre- viously considered. This is the northern corner of the Austro-riparian or lyouisianian Zone. This zone includes the whole of the south Atlantic coast region, a wide expanse of country bordering the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the whole of Florida with the exception of its extreme southern coast line. The Alligator {Alligator mississippiensis) now begins to show himself and is plentiful and attains a large size along the southern half of our tide-water region. Several species of the smaller rodents belong to this zone, notably the Cotton Rat, Eice-field Rat and Wood Rat, and the Marsh Rabbit {Lepus palustris) reaches the northern limit of his range on the coast marshes of North Carolina. The peculiar Big- eared Bat is found associated with the above, and the change in bird life is as noticeable as that in mammals. The Chuck-will's widow takes the place of the Whippoorwill and formerly this zone received added brilliance in North Carolina by the presence of the gaudy and noisy Carolina Parroquet {Conurus ca^'olinensis), now, unfortunately, almost confined to southern Florida. The great and rare Ivory-billed Woodpecker was also a former example of this life division, found on our coast at least as far north as Beaufort Harbor, but his day has also, apparently, gone by. Those interesting creatures the Ground and Diamond Rattlesnakes also come in here, and the Cotton-mouth Water Moccason {Agkisirodon piscivorus) is their equal as an awe- inspiring Austro-riparian representative. Siren and Amphiuma are two water animals quite characteristic of this zone, and their bites, like those of hundreds of other and equally totally harmless creatures, are regarded as deadly poisonous. The great Brown Pelican and the swift and graceful Swallow^-tailed Kite, are both features of this division of animal life, and the Black Vulture, that very useful but not beautiful bird that seems equally at home in the pure ether a thousand fathoms above the earth, or in the dark and odorous interior of a dead mule, is always with us. It is a matter of interest, although having no bearing on present day fauna, that the huge Mastodon once roamed our fields and forests and the great prehistoric elephant {Elephas americanus,') nearly allied to the "mountainous Mammoth" of the Old World, was also a North Carolinian in days gone by. So, also were many other rare and interesting animals, now only known by their fossil remains. I^oose bones of extinct whales, in some cases a good part of the entire Fauna. 67 skeleton, have been found in numerous localities, and in Halifax county some huge fragments of the skull were sufficiently entire to give a good idea of the size of the complete animal. This whale was identified by Professor Cope and by him named Mesoteras Kerria7ius in honor of its discoverer, Professor W. C. Kerr, late State Geologist. Its length was estimated at 80 feet, the largest extinct baleen whale ever found. Another well known fossil whale lay across the bed of a creek in the same county and was used, during low water, as a footlog. From the foregoing brief sketch it will be seen how widely varied is the character of the animal life belonging to North Carolina. As Dr. Merriam so truthfully says in his report as head of the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy in the Year Book of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1894: "An accurate knowledge of the areas which, by virtue of their climatic conditions, are fitted for the cultivation of particular crops is of such obvious importance to agriculture that the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy was early led to make a special study of the geographic distribution of the land animals and plants of North America, for the boundaries inhabited by native species were believed to coincide with those suited to the production of particular kinds of fruit, grain and tubers, and for the rearing of particular breeds of domesticated animals. "When the boundaries and life zones and areas are accurately mapped, the agriculturist need only ascertain the faunal area to which a particular crop or garden plant of limited range belongs in order to know beforehand just where it may be introduced with every prospect of success, soil and other local modifying influences being suitable; and in the case of weeds and of injurious and benefi- cial mammals, birds and insects, he would know what kinds were to be looked for in his immediate vicinitj'-, and could prepare in advance for noxious species that from time to time suddenly extend their range. * * * * In short a knowledge of the natural life areas of the United States and of their distinctive species and crops, wouldenable our farmers and fruit growers to select the products best adapted to their localities, and would help them in their battle with harmful species." Such being the case, where, indeed, is the limit to the agricul- tural possibilities of a State in which the native animal life includes such widely different forms as, say, the Canada Lynx, with a range almost reaching the Artie Sea, on the one hand, and on the other, the great Florida Alligator, whose center of abundance is well within the limits of tropical America, the land of the cocoanut, the lemon and the orange. 68 North Carolina and its Resourcks. GEOLOGY. Even the casual observer who travels across the State of North Carolina from its eastern shores to its western boundary will see that when he has gone about half way he passes from a region which is very level or gently undulating, and the surface of which is covered with sand and loam soils from which hard rocks are entirely absent, to another, the surface of which becomes more and more hilly until it culminates in mountains in the western portion of the State, and the soil of which is more or less mingled with the hard granitic and slaty rocks from which they have been formed. A little more traveling in this region will be sufficient to indi- cate that the geologic formations of the eastern half of the State, which has been designated as the Coastal Plain Region, are radically different and much younger than that of the western half, embracing the Piedmont Plateau and Mountain regions. The boundary line which separates these two great geologic divisions extends from near Weldon on the north by way of Raleigh to near Wadesboro on the southwest. In age instead of being contiguous the areas are widely separ- ated; the formation covering the Coastal Plain being one of the most recent, while those of the Piedmont Plateau (excepting the limited red sandstone or Trias areas) being among the oldest. The accompanying sketch map indicates in a general way the limits of these two general areas, and the minor geologic groups of the Piedmont Plateau and Mountain regions. Formations of the Coastal Plain are shown as a unit for the reason that notwithstand- ing that they belong to at least five successive geologic periods, yet being spread one directly on top of the other it is impossible to indi- cate them individually on a map of this character. The Coastal Plain region, as indicated above, along its eastern boarders contains the sounds, bays, the sand dunes and ridges, the swamps and marshes and other characteristics of a seashore region. Further inland it is generally level, and has more of the upland and less of the marsh. Toward its western boundary the swamps nearly or quite disappear, the upland predominates, the surface becomes more undulating and even hilly in places, and soils which further eastward were composed of fine sand and silt, along the western bor- der of this region contains a larger proportion of coarse sand or gravel mingled with clay. Along the banks of such rivers as the Cape Fear and Roanoke where these streams have cut down through the surface and left the Geology. 69 high steep bluffs the material composing half a dozen geologic forma- tions are exposed to view, the oldest, the Potomac gravel, sands and clays, lying at the bottom on the irregular surface of granite and slates; cretaceous sands and clays; tertiary (eocene and miocene) marls and clays; the Lafayette yellow and brownish sands and loams; and the Columbia sands, gravels and clays, lying one successively above the other — the last of these, the youngest of all, being on top. Along the western border of these Coastal Plain formations occasional outcrops of hard granites and slates are exposed along the beds of streams where the once overlying sands and clays have been washed away, but besides these no large masses of hard rock are to be found in this region other than the limited beds of limestone which are exposed along the banks of the streams in a number of eastern counties, epecially in the southern portion of the state. In these southeastern counties, the limestone is exposed at the surface along the banks of the streams in a large number of localities, and this rock may be used for the making of lime, macadamizing roads, and in some cases it will do for building purposes. In a few places, as in the neighborhood of Castle Haynes, New Hanover county, this limestone contains numerous phosphate pebbles and over considerable areas the limestone has dissolved away and left the phosphate pebble in form of phosphate gravel, which has been worked for a number of years, and can be worked with equal success on the adjoining Hermitage property. Other phosphate deposits have been found in Duplin, Pender, Onslow and Brunswick counties. In the Piedmont Plateau region, the geology is much more com- plex. There are, however, two narrow belts of comparatively recent rocks; the triasic or red sandstone, the general outlines and location of which are best indicated on the accompanying map. The more eastern of these two belts, extending from Oxford, in Granville county, across the state through portions of Wake, Durham, Chatham, Moore, Montgomery, Richmond and Anson counties, has a maximum width of about 15 miles. In this formation are found the coal deposits of Moore and Chatham counties and the valuable beds of red, gray and brown sand-stone, which are described more fully under head coal and of building stone. The more western of these two belts is much more limited in area, extending from the Virginia line across portions of Rockingham and Stokes counties, and having a maximum width of four or five miles. The older crystaline rocks, (granites, gneisses and slates), extend in belts of varying width and length obliquely across the state having a general northeast and southwest course. The most marked of these 70 North Carolina and iTv=> Resources. is the great slate belt which extends across from Virginia, through Per- son, Orange, Chatham, Randolph, Stanley, Union and adjoining coun- ties. It has a maximum width of some forty miles; the rocks are every- where folded or broken, and tilted; and are penetrated by numerous dikes and veins; many of the latter being impregnated with gold bearing ores. And in the western part of this slate belt, especially in Davidson and Cabarrus counties, these gold ores have associated with them ores of silver, lead, zinc and copper. The region is one of hills and valleys and rapid streams, along which have been developed numerous excellent water powers. Just west of this slate belt, lies a belt of granite and other kindred rocks; extending across the state; having a width varying from ten to twenty miles. These rocks are also penetrated by numerous veins which carry gold bear- ing ores; and in some cases, especially in Guilford county, these are also highly impregnated with copper ores, and in some places this granite belt, as well as the slate belt, contains valuable deposits of iron ore. Lying west of this granite belt and extending from it to the foot hills of the Blue Ridge, is a large area, the rocks of which are of gneisses and granites, with here and there more limited belts of slate. The rocks are very old, belonging probably to the Archaen age. They are often deeply decayed, forming fertile loam soils. In some places, valuable and extensive beds of granite are to be found. At intervals throughout the entire region the rocks are penetrated by quartz veins which contain in many places gold bearing ores; the more noted gold bearing areas of this region being those in eastern Catawba; about the South Mountains in Burke, McDowell and Rutherford counties, and in the Western part of Caldwell county. There are also in this region valuable deposits of iron; notably those in Stokes, Gaston, Macon and Catawba counties. This region is exceedingly hilly, being penetrated by the Brushy mountains, south of the Yadkin, and the South mountains, south of the Catawba river. The geology of the mountain region is perhaps fully as compli- cated as that of the Piedmont Plateau. Over the larger part of the region are to be found the older crystalline rocks, greatly folded and turned on their edges; and they contain at intervals valuable deposits of iron ore: notably magnetic iron ores in the region about Cranberry in Mitchell county; in Ashe and Madison counties and in a number of places these rocks are also penetrated by veins carrying gold, silver and copper bearing ores. Along the line of the Blue Ridge and again along the line of the Great Smoky mountains are narrower belts of rocks, belonging to what has been designated the Ocoee period. Geology. 71 The age of these is not known, though it is certain that these rocks are much younger than the slates and gneisses which have just been described. These rocks of the Ocoee formation contain also in places deposits of minerals, especially the marbles and brown iron ores of Cherokee county. In this region, as in the Piedmont Plateau, the rocks are decayed to a considerable depth, thus producing deep soils which vary in character from sandy and gravelly loam to those containing a large proportion of clay in regions where the rock itself contains large proportion of hornblende. These soils are porous and fertile, and for the most part on the slopes of the mountains are still covered with virgin forests. ALPHABETICAL LIST OP NATIVE niNERAL5. 1 Actinolite. 2 Albite. 3 Allanite. 4 Altaite. 5 Alunogen. 6 Anatase. 7 Andesite. 8 Anglesite. 9 Anthophyllite. 10 Anthracite coal. 11 Antimony. 12 Apatite. 13 Arsenopyrite. 14 Arfvedsonite, 15 Argentite. 16 Asbestos. 17 Auerlite. 18 Augite. 19 Autunite. 20 Azurite. 21 Barite. 22 Barnhardtite. 23 Beryl. 24 Biotite. 25 Bismite. 26 Bismutite, 27 Bismuthinite. 28 Bitumenous coal. 29 Bornite. 30 Breunnerite. 31 Bronzite. 32 Brookite. 33 Calamine. 34 Calcite. 35 Cassiterite. 36 Cerusite. 37 Cerargyrite. 38 Cerolite. 39 Chalcopyrite. 40 Chalcocite. 41 Chrysocolla. 42 Chromite. 43 Chlorite. 44 Chloritoid. 45 Chrysolite. 46 Chalcanthite. 47 Chalcedony. 48 Columbite. 49 Copper. 50 Corundum. 51 Covellite. 52 Crocidolite. 53 Crocoite. 54 Cullasageeite. 55 Cuprite. 56 Cuprosheelite. 57 Cyanite. 58 Cyrtolite. 59 Deweylite. 60 Diamond. 72 North Carowna and its Resources. 6i Diaspore. 62 Dolomite. 63 Dudleyite. 64 Dufrenite. 65 Enstatite. 66 Epidote. 67 Fergusonite. 68 Fibrolite. 69 Fluorite. 70 Garnet. 71 Galena. 72 Gahnite. 73 Genthite, 74 Glauconite. 75 Gold. 76 Goslarite. 77 Gothite. 78 Graphite. 79 Gummite. 80 Halite. 81 Halloysite. 82 Hatchettolite. 83 Hematite. 84 Hiddenite. 85 Hyalite. 86 Hydrofergusonite. 87 Ilmenite. 88 Iron, (meteoric) 89 Itacolumyte. 90 Jefferisite. 91 Kammererite (Var. pentdnite) 92 Kaolinite. 93 Kerrite. 94 Labradorite. 95 Lazulite. 96 Leucopyrite. 97 Limonite. 98 Ivucasite. 99 Maconite. 100 Magnesite. loi Magnetite. 102 Malachite. 103 Marcasite. 104 Margarite. 105 Marmolite. 106 Martite. 107 Melanterite. 108 Melaconite. 109 Molybdenite. no Molybdite. 111 Monazite. 112 Montanite. 113 Montmorillonite. 114 Muscovite. 115 Nagyagite. 116 Niter. 117 Octehedri*-e. 118 Oligoclase. 119 Olivenite. 120 Orthoclase. 121 Opal. 122 Penninite. 123 Phlogopite. 124 Phosphuranylite. 125 Picrolite. 126 Pleonaste. 127 Polycrase. 128 Prochlorite. 129 Psilomelane. 130 Pseudomalachite. 131 Pyrite. 132 Pyromorphite. 133 Pyrolusite. 134 Pyrophyllite. 135 Pyrrhotite. 136 Pyroxene. 137 Quartz. 138 Rhodochrosite. 139 Rogersite. 140 Rutherfordite. 141 Rutile. 142 Samarskite. 143 Saponite. 144 Scheelite. 145 Schreibersite. 146 Scorodite. 147 Serpentine. 148 Siderite. 149 Silver. 150 Sillimanite. 151 Smaragdite. 152 Sphalerite. 153 Sperrylite. 154 Spodumeue. 155 Spinel. 156 Staurolite. 157 Steatite. 158 Stibnite. 159 Stilbite. 160 Stolzite. 161 Succinite (amber) 162 Sulphur. 163 Talc. 164 Tantalite. 165 Tetradymite. 166 Tetrahedrite. 167 Thorite. 168 Thulite. 169 Titanite. 170 Tourmaline. 171 Tremolite. 172 Troilite. 173 Uraninite. 174 Uranotil. 175 Vermiculite. 176 Vivianite. 177 Wad. 178 Wavellite. 179 Willcoxite. 180 Wolframite. 181 Xanthitane. . 182 Xenotime. 183 Zircon. 184 Zoisite. Gold, Silver and Copper. 73 GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER. The total amount of the precious metals produced by the mines of North Carolina up to the end of 1894 is estimated at approximately $24,000,000.00. The production for the past ten years is ascertained to be $1,295,676, By far the greater proportion of this is gold, the amount of silver being insignificant. The area of the productive gold region in the State embraces some 8,000 to 10,000 square miles of the middle and western counties. It may be divided into six obscurely defined belts: 1. The Eastern Belt. 2. The Slate Belt. 3. The Igneous Belt. 4. The Kings Mountain Belt. 5. The South Mountain Belt. 6. The Mines West of the Blue Ridge. The gold occurs in placer deposits, in quartz fissure veins, and as impregnations in the country schists and slates. The gold is not uniformly distributed in the ore bodies; both the veins and schists having "chimneys" or "shoots" in which the gold is concentrated, leaving the intermediate parts relatively poor. The shoots have a pitch of their own in the ore body. (i). The Eastern Belt includes the counties of Warren, Halifax, Franklin and Nash. The present known area over which the mines are distributed is not less than 300 square miles. The country rocks are diorite, chloritic schists, and gneiss. The district is character- ized by a great abundance of narrow quartz veinlets from a "line" to 1% inches in thickness. The gold appears originally to have beea in these narrow seems, which have been broken down in the process of weathering, the fragments being widely distributed through the soil, and generally most abundant on the bed rock, fifteen to twenty- five feet below the surface, or in favored sinks or channels. Among the more noted veins of the district are: the Portis, located near Ransom's Bridge, in Franklin county. The operations consisted of surface sluicing and hydraulicking the surface soil to a depth of 5 to 30 feet. The upper decomposed rock layer is every- where auriferous to some extent. There are two main zones of ore, nearly at right angles, each about 9 feet in total width, consisting of reticulated quartz veins in diorite. Five miles southeast of the Portis is the Mann-Arrington mine. The ore body consists of quartz lenses up to 12 inches in thickness interlaminated in the schists. Thedeptk of the shaft is 108 feet. Other mines in this belt are the Arrington, Thomas, Kearney, Taylor, Davis and Conyers. 74 North Carolina and its Rksourcks. (2). The Slate Belt is an area of metamorphic slates and schists extending in a general southwesterly direction across the central part of the State, varying in width from 8 to 50 miles. The rocks are argillaceous, sericitic and chloritic, metamorphosed slates and schists, sedimentary pre Jura-trias slates, and ancient devitrified volcanic rocks. The copper ores of Granville and Person counties, are at times auriferous, and, although the contents of the precious metals is insignificant, they may form an important item of profit in a well conducted metallurgical treatment of these ores for copper. Assays* show from $2.50 to $10.75 per ton in gold and silver, and from 20 to 48% of copper. This copper belt is approximately ten miles in length. The ore is chiefly chalcocite and bornite in quartz, and occurs in lenticular veins, from a few inches to 14 feet in thickness. The principal veins are the Blue Wing, Holloway, Mastodon, Buckeye, Pool ,Gillis, Copper World and Yancey. The gold mines in Moore county are situated in the northern and western parts. At the Bell mine, eight miles northwest of Carthage, the mineralized country schists constitute the ore, which exists in several narrov/ belts containing siliceous seams from ^ to 4 inches in thickness. The entire vein matter averaging 4 feet, is estimated to run $12.00 per ton. The Burns mine is eleven miles west of Carthage. The silicified sericitic and chloritic schists are here filled with quartz stringers and lenticles, both the quartz and portions of the schists being auriferous. Mining is done in large open cuts, 20 to 100 feet wide, to a depth of about 50 feet. The average yield of the ore is said to be $2.50 to $3.00 per ton, in free gold. The Cagle and Clegg mines are near the Burns, and the nature and character of the ores are similar. The Hoover Hill mine, in Randolph county, is seventeen miles south of High Point. The principal ore body is the so called " Briols " shoot; 12 feet wide and 70 feet long, entered by a shaft 350 feet deep. The ore is worth $8.00 to $10.00 per ton. At the Jones or Keystone mine, eighteen miles southeast of Thomasville, the ore bodies consist of belts of mineralized schists, two of these being 50 and 1 10 feet wide respectively. The mine is a series of open quarries; the average value of the working ore will not fall under $3.00 per ton, of which about $2.00 is extracted by milling. Other mines *In all assays of this article gold and silver are calculated at their coining rates, usually gold, $20.67 and silver, $1.29, per Troy ounce. Gold, Silver and Copper. 75 in Randolph, are the Loftin, Winningham, Slack, Davis Mountain, Sawyer, Winslow and Uwharie. The Emmons mine is fifteen miles southeast of I^exington, in Davidson county. The ore body is from three to eight feet thick, and the ore is only slightly auriferous, and has been worked mainly for its copper contents. The main shaft is 416 feet deep on the incline. The Cid mine is i^ miles northeast of the Emmons, and has ore similar to it. The shaft is 100 feet deep on the incline. The Silver Hill mine is ten miles southeast from Lexington. The two principal veins are known as the "East" and the "West," are parallel and about 28 feet apart on the outcrop. The gasson was worked for gold. Below the water level, however, the ores become a complex mixture of silver bearing sulphurets, mainly galena and zinc blende. The mine has opened to a depth of 760 feet. Some assays of the ores show: Carbonatbs Pyrite Galena Gold, per ton $ 8.27 Silver " 20.36 1 2.07 4.65 $ 3-IO 4.01 $10.34 2.97 $ 4-13 3-23 $ 6.20 10.73 $ 4-13 11.25 I28.63 1 6.72 $ 7-II f 13-31 $ 7-36 $16.93 115-38 The galena bearing ores show from twelve per cent, to fifty-seven per cent, of lead, and from seven per cent, to thirty-five per cent, of zinc. The Silver Valley mine is five miles northeast of Silver Hill; the character of the ore is almost identical to that of the former. The vein is nearly twenty feet wide at the surface; below, the ore- shoot has a width of five to twelve feet, and consists of alternate bands of ore, slate and quartz, the ore seams being from three to eighteen inches thick. The mine has been opened to one hundred and twenty feet vertical depth. The galena and blende carry from $1 7.00 to $180.00 per ton of gold and silver, from fifteen per cent, to twenty-five per cent, of lead, and from eleven per cent, to thirty-two per cent, of zinc. These ores have been successfully smelted, using copper ores as a flux. The Welborn mine, two miles west of the Silver Hill, carries similar complex ores. The Conrad Hill mine is six miles east of lyexington. There are two systems of veins, carrying copper, pyrite and gold, in quartz and siderite. The mine has been opened to a maximum depth of four hundred feet, considerable bodies of ore, up to eighteen feet in maximum width, have been exploited and mined. The ore is essentially a copper ore, though it contains some gold. The Russell mine in Montgomery county, is situated three miles north of Eldorado. The entire slate formation is gold bearing, but 76 North Carolina and its Resources. only certain belts are sufficiently rich to warrant mining. There are at least six of these belts within a distance of 2,000 feet across the strike. The ore bodies have been exploited and worked chiefly in large open cuts. It is stated that the average "run of mine" ore milled $3.00 per ton. There are streaks from four to five feet wide which went much higher. The Appalachian mine is situated near Eldorado. The ores are similar to those of the Russell. The depth of the last working was 160 feet. The Steel mine is two miles southeast of Eldorado. The ore body varies from nine to twelve feet in thickness, and occasionally rises to twenty feet. The most valuable part of the deposite consists of what is locally called "string veins," narrow seams of ore which run through the mass, more or less parallel to the slates. Some assays show from $20.00 to $100.00 per ton. The Sam Christian mine is twelve miles southwest of Troy. The gold is found in old channels, in gravel from one to three feet in thickness. It is generally in the shape of nuggets from five to one thousand penny weights. The aggregate yield of this mine in the past has been quite large, and may r:rove of value in the future. Other mines in Montgomery county are the Beaver Dam, Reynolds, Carter, Bright, Ophir, Dry Hollow, Deep Flat, Bunnell Mountain, Worth, &c. The Crawford mine in Stanly county is four miles northeast of Albemarle. It is a placer deposit of comparatively recent discovery. The gravel bed is from one-half to two feet in thickness, overlaid by two to four feet of soil. The width of the channel is about two hundred and fifty feet. During 1895 two notable nuggets were found here, weighing eight and a half and ten pounds respectively. The Parker mine is situated at New I,ondon. Numberless auri- ferous quartz stringer veins, from one to eighteen inches wide, intersect the country rock in all directions. The principal yield of gold has been from the ancient gravel channels. The aggregate production is estimated at $200,000.00. Other mines in Stanley county are the Crowell, Barringer, Haithcock, Hearne, lyowder, &c. Rovt^an and Cabarrus counties may be treated together. The Gold Hill group of mines is situated about fourteen miles southeast of Salisbury. This is one of the most noted mining districts in the State. The group comprises a number of mines situated in a belt of auriferous schists, nearly one and a-half miles long and two-thirds mile wide, in the southeast corner of Rowan county, extending into Cabarrus on the south, and Stanly on the east. The character of the ore bodies is that common to the "Slate belt" elsewhere. The Gold, Silver and Copper. 77 schists are impregnated, over certain widths, with auriferous sul- phurets, accompanied by lenticuler stringers of quartz. There are at least ten well defined veins in the district. The Randolph, the most prominent of the ten veins under discussion, has been worked for a linear distance of one thousand five hundred feet, and to a depth of seven hundred and eighty feet. The width of the ore shoots is stated to be from six inches to seven feet. Some indication of the range of values is given in the following assays: Gold, per ton $25.84 $4.14 $5.68 Silver " " .$ .49 .71 2.26 $26.33 $4.85 $7.94 Copper, per cent 0.85 2.59 5.96 The McMackin veins are rich in silver ores. Up to 1874 it is estimated that the total production of the Gold Hill mines was $3,000,000.00, which represents about twenty-three per cent, of the assay value of the ores. The Rocky River mine is situated ten miles southeast of Concord, in Cabarrus county. A number of shafts have been sunk on several parallel lenticular quartz veins to a maximum depth of one hundred and thirty feet. The quartz assays from $3.00 to $6.00 per ton, and the enclosing schists themselves yield $3.00 per ton of gold. The ore contains also considerable galena and blende. Other veins in the slate belt of Cabarrus county are the Bufialo, Biggs, Furr, Widen- house, Isenhour, Mauney, Nugget, &c. The Crowell Mine in Union county is fourteen miles north of Monroe. The vein matter is cellular quartz, carrying galena, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. There are three veins varying in thickness from one to four feet. Assays show from $6.00 to $13.00 per ton. The Long mine is near the Crowell and the ores are similar. The Moore mine is three miles southeast of the L,ong. The quartz vein is stated to be five feet in thickness, with a four inch pay streak of calcite following the hanging wall. The ore contains besides free gold, galena, blende, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The Stewart mine is one and a half miles southwest of the Moore. There are three parallel ore belts, from a few inches to five feet in width. In general, there are numerous narrow ore seams; the ore contains pyrite and galena. Assays show values from $6.00 per ton and upwards. Other mines in the vicinity are the Lemmonds, New South, Crump and Battle- field. There are a number of mines in the neighborhood of Indian Trail, which are apparently located in two parallel series of veins 78 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. about one half mile apart, comprising in the first or western group the Henry Phifer and Fox Hill mines; and in the second the Black, Smart, Secrest and Thomas Hemby. About two miles south of Indian Trail is situated a group of mines comprising the Moore Hill, Falger Hill, Davis, Phifer, Lewis, Hemby and Harkness. This zone of auriferous schists is about three miles in length and one-half mile in width. For a distance of two miles there is an almost unbroken line of pits and shallow shafts. The gold is not uniformly diffused, but is carried mostly in narrow parallel seams, rarely more than one or two inches in thickness. The ore bodies as a whole, are from one to six feet wide. Assays show from ^3.00 to $16.00 per ton of gold and silver. The Bonnie Bell Mine is one and a half miles north of Potter's Station. The general width of the ore bearing belt is stated to be fourteen feet, consisting of argillaceous schists intersected by small quartz veinlets. The Howie Mine is about one mile west of the Bonnie Bell. The ore bearing formation extends over a width of four hundred feet. Within this belt are as many as eight so-called "veins" or ore seams, varying from eighteen inches to sixteen feet in width. The ore seams run through a wide range of values. The average yield in the mill at one time was $13.00 per ton. (3), The Igneous belt lies on the west side of the Slate belt; the formation consists of massive igneous plutonic rocks, extending across the slate in a southwesterly direction, and having a width of from fifteen to thirty miles. It includes the greater portion of Guil- ford, Davidson, Rowan, Cabarrus and practically the whole of Meck- lenburg counties. The area of the auriferous portion, however, is scarcely more than one thousand square miles. The auriferous quartz veins, which are found in these rocks, are the fillings of undoubted fissures. The gold ores are often cuprifer- ous and rarely contain lead or zinc. The mines in Guilford county lie to the south and southwest of Greensboro. They carry highly cupriferous ores as a rule, and have been worked both for gold and copper. The Hodges Hill mine is six miles southeast from Greensboro and has a vein from six inches to twelve feet in width. The gold is distributed unequally through quartz siderite and chalcopyrite, the ore assaying from $1.00 to $40.00 per ton. The Fisher Hill and Millis Hill mines are five to six miles south of Greensboro. Fifteen veins are reported on the property, one system running north and south, and a second northeast and southwest. The ore bodies vary from four inches to ten feet in thickness. The ores are cupriferous. Gold, Silver and Copper. 79 The Fentress mine is nine miles south of Greensboro. The deepest shaft is four hundred feet deep. The ore body varies from one to thirteen feet in width. The ores are chiefly sulphurets and the veinstone is quartz and siderite. The Garden Hill mine, three miles east of Jamestown, has a vein some three feet in width, the gangue being quartz and brown ore. It has been worked for a distance of five thousand feet along its course the deepest shaft being two hundred and fifty-eight feet in vertical depth. Some of the ores carried as high as twenty-five per cent, copper, and ran ^3.00 to $10.00 per ton in gold. The North State mine, two miles west of Jamestown, has a vein two to twenty feet wide, traced by its outcrop some three miles. Other mines in this county are the Lindsay, Deep River, Jack's Hill, Twin, Beason, Harland, Beard, Vickery, Lander, &c. The Lalor mine in Davidson county is two miles southeast from Thomasville. There are three shafts, the deepest of which is one hundred and forty feet vertical. The vein carries iron and copper sulphurets. Other mines in the vicinity are the Kureka, Loflin and Black. In Rowan county a group of mines is found to the southwest of Salisbury, from two to nine miles distant. Among the principal ones are the Hartman, Yadkin, Negus, Harrison Hill, Southern Belle, Goodman, Randleman and Roseman. The workings of these mines have been comparatively shallow, 1 60 feet being the deepest so far as records go. Another and more important group of mines situated three to seven miles east and southeast of Salisbury, includes the four follow- ing: The New Discovery mine was worked to a depth of one hundred feet. The Dunn's Mt. mine has three veins. Work has been done to a depth of one hundred and ninety feet. The Reimer mine has been opened by three shafts, the deepest of which is one hundred and ninety-three feet. The average width of the fissure is three and one-half feet. The veinstone averaging this width, is quartz, and carries ten per cent, sulphurets, mainly pyrite. Ore probably averages $5.00 to $6.00 per ton, though some assays run very high. The Bullion mine is one and a half miles from the Reimer. A seven foot vein is reported at a depth of ninety feet, which runs from $7.00 to $16.00 per ton. Another group of mines is situated eight to ten miles southeast of Salisbury. Among these are the Gold Knob, Dutch Creek, Atlas ^nd Bame. There are about one hundred localities in Rowan known to be auriferous. 8o North Carolina and its Rksources. The Phoenix mine in Cabarrus county, is seven miles southeast of Concord. There are three parallel veins, two hundred and one thousand feet apart. The main Phoenix vein, which has been traced for twenty-one hundred feet on the surface and sunk upon to a depth of four hundred and twenty-five feet, varies from one to three feet in width. The filling of the fissure is quartz, carrying from three to sixty per cent, of sulphurets accompanied by barite, calcite and siderite. The shaft extends to a depth of four hundred and twenty five feet. The mill yield of the ores was about $10.00 per ton, with about $7.50 in the sulphurets. The ores also contain one and a half per cent, to three per cent, of copper. The extraction of gold by chlorination was ninety to ninety-five per cent, of the whole. The Tucker mine is one mile south of the Phoenix. The vein averages eight inches, and the ore carries about $15.00 per ton. The main shaft was 175 feet deep. Other mines in the vicinity are the Barrier, Faggart, Furness, Gibb and Quaker City. The Reed mine is ten miles southeast of Concord. It is of special interest as being the site of the earliest recorded discovery of gold in North Carolina. The placer deposits have produced many famous and valuable nuggets. One nugget recently found there (April, i8g6,) weighed twenty pounds, seven ounces and six dwts. The auriferous quartz veins are confined to a large greenstone dike and are from four inches to three feet in thickness. Gold is probably as widely diffused in Mecklenburg as in any other county in the central part of the State. The productive area covers about six hundred square miles, within which are well nigh one hundred mines. About half a dozen of these are now worked, but only two or three with vigor. Among the many mines in Mecklen- burg are the following: Davidson, Blake, Point Clarke, Parks, St. Catherine, Rudisil, Smith and Palmer, McDonald, F. Wilson, Howell, Trotter, Carson, Taylor, Isenhour and others. The Rudisil mine is one mile south of Charlotte; has a vein fissure fifty feet wide, with two ore bodies or pay streaks, from two to six feet in thickness, one on either wall. Down to the water level the ores are rich and easily treated. Below that level they are refractory, containing iron and copper pyrites. The lowest level is at three hundred and fifty feet. Three ore shoots have been explored and worked from thirty to one hundred feet in length. Assays of the ores show: Gold per ton $24.80 $29.97 $36.18 $45-47 $72-35 Silver trace .19 .13 trace trace. $24.80 $30.16 $36.31 $45-47 $72.35- Gold, Silver and Copper. 8i The St. Catherine mine is in the northern extension of the Rudisil lode. It has been worked to a depth of four hundred and sixty feet. Below two hundred and fifty feet there are several large shoots of low grade ore. The occurrence may be briefly stated as a series of obscurel}^ paralled seams of slate, with quartzose ore bodies two to six feet in thickness between them. Assays show: Sui^PHURETTED Ores. Gold, per ton $35-i4 $52.19 I72.41 Silver 1.14 .55 .39 $36.28 $52.74 S72.80 The Clark mine is two and a half miles west of Charlotte, There are two vein systems, the northeast and southwest running system was worked to a depth of seventy feet, for a distance of one thousand two hundred feet along the strike. The east and west running system was worked to a depth of seventy-eight feet. Assays show from $5.00 to $30.00 per ton. A second group of mines is found five to ten miles west of Char- lotte, embracing the Hays, McGee, Brawley, Frazer, Hipps, Campbell, Todd, Arlington, Capps, McGinn, Means, Bennett, Stephen, Wilson, Gibson, Neal, Troutman, Prim, Abernathy, Alexander, Dunn, Sloan, McCorkle Cathey and others. At the Stephen Wilson mine there are ten well defined veins, but only two of these have been worked. Vein No, 2, is from two to three feet wide. The ores carry iron and copper pyrites. Assays show ores to range from $1.00 to $156 per ton. The Capps mine has two convergent veins, the Capps and the Jane, each probably three thousand feet or more in length. The out- crop of the vein at many points, still shows a width of twenty to twenty-five feet. The greatest depth worked is one hundred and thirty feet, but drill holes penetrated to a depth of one hundred and forty feet where the vein is shown to be twenty feet diameter, assaying from $6.00 to $7.00 per ton. There are four well known ore bodies or shoots. Assays of the good ore from the third ore shoot showed from $11.00 to as high as $130.00 per ton. The McGinn mine adjoin the Capps. It is situated on three veins, the Jane, the Copper and an unexplored vein. The Jane vein has been worked to. a depth of one hundred and fifty feet, and the ore body was something like thirty -five feet wide, the ore ranging from $3 00 to $100.00 per ton. The copper vein has been worked for copper ores to a depth of about one hundred and ten feet. The ores range from $6.00 to $14.00 per ton. 82 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. At the Dunn mine there are two shafts sixty and ninety feet deep, which have explored three or four bodies of ore composed of silicified siates, and having an aggregate thickness of about twelve feet. Assays show from $8.00 to $30.00 per ton. A third group of mines is found five to seven miles north of Charlotte, including the Henderson, Ferris, Hunter and others. The Henderson mine has been worked to a longitudinal one hundred feet. Three bodies of ore were worked from it, varying from one and one- half to four feet in thickness. At the Ferris mine there are several veins, the Garris vein, two to five feet thick, being the principal one now worked, is entered by two shafts, ninety and one hundred and twenty feet deep respectively. The ore consists of quartz seams up t& twelve inches in thickness in a slaty gangue. A fourth group of mines located in Providence township, some five to ten miles southeast of Charlotte, embraces among others the Hunter, Fredinick and Ray mines. At the Ray mine there are five veins with an aggregate length of four miles. The Ray vein, six to eight inches thick, the best known, has been opened by six shafts, the deepest being two hundred and fifty feet. The ore consists of com- pact sulphurets. The Pioneer Mills group of mines of Cabarrus county extends into the southeastern part of Mecklenburg county. The Johnson, Stinson, Rliea, Maxwell, Simpson and Black mines belong here. In Clear Creek township, ten to twelve miles southeast of Charlotte, is another group of mines, comprising the BrajBFord, Ellington and Sur- face Hill. (4). Kings Mountain belt occupies an area of indefinite and imperfectly known boundaries, adjoining the Igneous belt on the west. The principal counties embraced here are Gaston, Lincoln, Catawba, Davie and Yadkin. The country rocks are chrystalline schists and gneisses, and isolated bodies of siliceous limestone. The Kings Mountain mine in Gaston county, is one and a-half miles south of Kings Mountain village. The ore is a mixture of siliceous limestone and quartz, and exists in lenticular chimneys, five of which have been exploited thus far. In length they are about one hundred feet and width twenty feet. The deepest shaft is three hundred and twenty feet. The present average value of the ores i^ said to be from $4.00 to $6.oc per ton The Caledonia mine is four miles east of the Kings Mountain. The ore bodies consist of masses of chloritic and sericitic schists, intermixed with pyrite and chalco- pyrite. The width of the ore bearing ground is from eight to ten feet. The ores are low grade, running from $3.00 to $5.00 per ton. The Gold, Silver and Copper. 83 lyong Creek mine is six miles northwest of Dallas. There are three veins, the Asbury, Dixon and McCarter Hill. The Asbury, where worked, was from six to eight feet wide; opened to a depth of one hundred and forty feet. The Dixon has been worked by shallow pits, the thickness of the vein being a little over three feet. The McCarter Hill vein has been entered by three shafts, and sloped to a depth of one hundred and sixty feet in the ore shoot, which has a width of four to six feet. The assay value of the ore mined is stated at $8.00 per ton. Other localities in Gaston county are the Rumfeldt, Duffie, Derr, E.hyne, Burrell, Wells, Oliver, Farrar and other mines. In lyincoln the best known localities are the Burton, Hoke and Graham mines. The Suford mine in Catawba county, is four and a-half miles southeast of Catawba village. Some twenty acres of ground here are covered with auriferous quartz, and the soil is also auriferous. The schists and gneisses are penetrated by seams of auriferous quartz, which run in every direction. Other mines are the McCorkle, England, Rufty, Abernathy, &c. In Davie county are the Butler, Callahan Mountain, Isaac Allen and other mines of minor importance. In Yadkin county the only noteworthy locality is the Dixon mine, eight miles southeast of Yadkinville. The vein is quartz and shows a thickness of four feet on the outcrop; it pinches and swells spasmodically. The ore is supposed to run something like ^7.00 per ton, (5). The South Mountain belt proper comprises an area of about three hundred square miles, extending from Morganton to Ruth- erfordton, and covering portions of Burke, McDowell and Rutherford counties. The auriferous quartz veins of this district are true fissure veins, and vary in thickness from a mere line to four feet, the majority are from less than one to three inches thick. These veins appear to be concentrated in aggregates along certain parallel belts or zones, of which there are five. (i). The Morganton belt passing through Morganton and along Little Silver creek to North Muddy creek. (2). The Huntsville belt, passing over the southern end of Huntsville Mountain. (3). The Pilot Mountain belt, passing over Hall's Knob, White's Knob, Pilot Mountain, Brackettown and Vein Mountain, to and beyond the Second Broad river. (4). The Golden Valley belt, passing across the upper end of Golden Valley, and crossing Cane and Camp creeks to the Second Broad river. (5). The Idler Mine belt, about three miles north of Rutherfordton. 84 North Carolina and its Resources. The maximum breadth in a north and south direction across the ore bearing formation as a whole is about seventeen miles. The great majority of these veins are, of course, too narrow to be profita- bly worked individuallj-, on any regular mining scale. When the ground admits the whole formation, which is usually decomposed to considerable depths, may be undermined and washed down in sluices^ and thence to the mill for battery treatment and amalgamation. Some of the large quartz veins have been opened by shafts and under- ground drifts, as at the Vein Mountain and Idler mines. However, no vein mining of any magnitude has been prosecuted in the district. If, as reported, there are regular bodies of ore here, ranging from one and a-half to three feet in width and running from $5.00 to $15.00 per ton, these should form the basis of profitable mining enterprises. The placer deposits form by far the most important resources of the precious metals in this district. They are of three general classes : (i). The gravel beds of the streams and adjoining bottomlands. (2). The gulch and hillside deposits, or the accumulations due to secular disintegration and motion, and (3), the upper decomposed layer of the country rock itself, the rotton rock in place. In the first two classes the deposits are from a few inches to several feet in thickness. In the third class the thickness in the decomposed rock layer, carrying the small auriferous quartz veins, is very variable, from a few feet to as much as one hundred and fifty feet. The distribution of the stream deposits is very general along the bottoms, highlands and ridges drained by the streams of the region, and the centers of operation are at Brindletown, Brackettown and Vein Mountain. At the larger mines, hydraulicking is employed, under a pressure of fifty to two hundred feet, with twelve inch mains and one and one-half inch nozzle. The hydraulic elevator has also been used successfully. The numerous mountain streams afford a fairly good and constant supply of water for mining purposes. There are several long ditch and flume levies in the region ; one of these is over ten miles in length. The Handcock mine, in Burke county, is a placer digging at the foot of Hall's Knob. The thickness of the gravel bed is one and one-half to two feet, and that of the overlay twenty-five feet. A rough estimate of one of the pits showed a yield of fourteen cents per cubic yard. The Carolina Queen mine is situated on the north- eastern slope of White's Knob. A series of narrow quartz /eins in the upper decomposed rock laj^er, has been sluiced over a width of some three hundred feet, and to a maximum depth of fifty feet. The J. C Mills tract, at Brindletown, covers a very large territory, and is one of Gold, Silver and Copper. 85 the most famous localities in the South Mountain region, a large amount of gold having been obtained here since the first discovery in 1S28. From Pilot Mountain and along its lower slopes, a number of gravel channels radiate in all directions. Some of these, as the White Bank and the Magazine mines have been worked as high as water could be obtained, but a large amount of virgin ground still remains that has not been worked. The total length of the several ditch lines on this property is about twenty miles. The head obtained at the mines is from sixty to two hundred feet. The Marion Bullion and Improvement Company, in McDowell county, owns an extensive tract at Brackettown, The principal work of importance here has been placer mining. In a general v^ay, the gulch and hill side deposits range in value from four to fifty cents per cubic yard, while the gravel of the bottom land will run as high as $1.00 per cubic yard. A number of narrow quartz veins have been explored on the property. The Vein Mountain property comprises a large tract extending from Vein Mountain, on the second Broad river, in a northeasterly direction to Huntsville Mountain, a distance ©f four miles. The gulch deposits here have been hydraulicked to points as high as water could be obtained by the ditch lines. The value of the gravel ranges from five and one-half cents to ^1.25 per cubic yard. A series of as man}'- as thirty-three parallel auriferous veins, mostly quite small, crosses Vein Mountain in a belt not over one-fourth mile wide. These veins are mostly only a few inches thick, one of them " the Nichols," is in places three feet thick, and has been opened up to a depth of one hundred and seventeen feet. Belov/ the water level the quartz is impregnated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and blende. The average mill run of the ore is said to be $15.00 per ton. The Idler mine, in Rutherford county, is situated five miles north of Rutherfordton . As many as thirteen parallel veins have been explored within a distance of half a mile across the strike. The four larger veins are known as the Monarch, Alta, Carson and Glendale. The last work was done on the Alta vein some three years ago at a depth of one hundred and five feet. The thickness of this vein is said to average about fifteen inches, and the ore is said to yield in mill tests for $10.00 to $30.00 per ton of free gold. The Elwood and Leeds mines are situated in the neighborhood. The Polk county placer deposits, some 25 miles southwest of Rutherfordton, appear to be an extension of the South Mountain belt. The better known localities are the Pattie Abrams, Wetherbee, Red Springs, Tom Arms, Splawn, Ponder, Riding, L,, A. Mills, Carpen- 86 North Carolina and its Resources. ter, Hamilton, Neal, Maclntire, Double Branch and Prince. These all had a good reputation in the past, while the deposits contiguous to water lasted, but at present none can be worked on a large scale with- out a larger supply of water than can be easily obtained. The Miller, Scott Hill, Pax Hill and Baker mines in Caldwell county, are situated on the waters of Johns river, and might be con- sidered as belonging to the South Mountain belt. They are quartz veins and have been developed in a small way, though now idle, with one or two exceptions. The principal veins are from twelve to twenty- four inches wide, and carry besides gold, sulphurets, pyrite, galenite, &c. (6). The Gap River Creek mine is in the southern part of Ashe county on New river. There are three quartz veins of which only one, fourteen inches to three feet thick, has been worked to any ex- tent. The ore is complex; vitreous copper ore, malachite, chryso- colla, chalcopyrite and some pyrite, besides free gold. Assays show: Gold per ton $8.62 $34-79 $57-36 Silver" " 2.26 25.50 14-53 110.88 $60.29 $71.89 Copper per cent 23.83 The Boylston mine in Henderson county is situated twelve miles west of Hendersonville, on Forge Mountain. There are four princi- pal auriferous quartz veins, which are parallel to each other, varying in thickness from one to four and a-half feet. The principal work has been done on vein No. 2, which has been exploited by shallow shafts, drifts and open cuts. The average value of the ore is estimated at about $4.00 per ton. The gold obtained in Cherokee county is found: (i) in the gravel underlying the broad bottoms of Valley river and other streams; (2), in the schists and the included quartz stringers or veins of the more elevated country bordering these valleys; (3), in the iron ore beds which skirt Valley river along its whole length, and occur with several reduplications or foldings at intervals for several miles to the east; (4), in the limestone, which is usually closely associated with the iron ore beds, and contains gold in connection with galenite and possibly also in quartz veins, which traverse it. The placer mines, now worked, are situated in the drift which covers the spurs and terminal ridges, especially where they project into the bottom lands. The schists have not been largely prospected. The iron ore beds have not hitherto been regarded as gold bearing, but recent examina- Gold, Silver and Copper. 87 tions point to the presumption that they frequently are. Assays of some of these brown hematite ores have shown from $1.80 to $10.00 per ton.* IRON. The mineralogical character of the iron ores found in the State includes magnetite, red hematite, brown hematite (limonite), siderite (spathic ore), and black band ores. The first three of these, however, constitute the important economic ores in North Carolina. In geographical distribution these ore deposits cover considerably over half the area of the State, being confined principally to the Piedmont Plateau and Mountain regions. Geologically, the magnetites and red hematites are confined almost exclusively to the crystalline rocks. The limonites also occur here, as well as in theOcoee rocks of Cherokee and Madison counties. Isolated deposits of porous brown hematite are found in the more recent formations of the Coastal Plain region. These are the so- called "bog ores." Siderite or spathic iron ore occurs as a gangue mineral in some of the gold quartz veins in the central part of the State, but owing to its limited quantity, it is of little economical importance for the manufacture of iron. The blackband ores are confined to the coal measures of the Triassic rocks in Chatham and Moore counties. The magnetite, specular and brown hematite ores in the eastern part of the crystalline area, in the so-called Gaston ore beds, are situated on the Roanoke river, one mile east of Gaston, in Halifax county. The ore is red hematite containing some magnetite. There are two principal deposits, of which the lower one only has been opened, where the thickness exposed was from eighteen to twenty- four inches. It is stated that at low w^ater a width of eight feet of ore is visible in the bed of Roanoke river. Analyses of the better class of ore show:- Silica 9.10 to 10.12% Sulphur 0.03 to o.oS% Metallic Iron 49.00 to 58.00% Phosphorus.. .0.005 to o In Granville county, fourteen miles northwest of Oxford, is a series of lenticular bodies of specular hematite, at times partially magnetic. Exploratory openings have exposed beds of ore measuring as much as twenty -one feet across, and the outcrop has been traced for several miles. Analyses of these ores show from 50 to 54 per *Noteo — For a more detailed description of the gold deposits and mines, see Bulletins 3 and 10, published by the North Carolina Geological Survey. 88 North Carolina and its Resources, cent, of iron, from a trace to 0.9 per cent, sulphur, and from 0.7 to 0.9 per cent, of phosphorus. Small deposits of specular hematite have been found in Person and Durham counties, but the ores are rather low grade, being quite siliceous and in places high in phosphorus. The Chapel Hill mine, in Orange county, is opened on a deposit of red hematite, containing a small proportion of magnetite. The deepest shaft is seventy-two feet. There are two veins crossing each other at an angle of about 60,° and standing nearly vertical. These veins are carried in a fine grained ferruginous quartzite, into which the ore appears to pass by insensible gradations. The widest portion of good ore observed is six to eight feet. Analyses of good ore show: Silica ...43.04% Sulphur 0.153% Metallic Iron. 65.77% Phosphorus 0.170% The Ore Hill mines, in Chatham county, about forty miles south- east of Greensboro, on the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley railroad, are deserving of special attention as being the repositories of considerable bodies of brown hematite. The mines were first opened over one hundred years ago, during the Revolutionary war, and iron was made here b)'" the Sapona Iron Co., during the late civil war. The property is at present owned by the North Carolina Steel and Iron Co., of Greensboro. The ore is brown hematite, and occurs in a number of veins, having more or less regular walls, dipping at steep angles and with variable strikes. The ore bodies have been opened by extensive pits and a number of shafts and tunnels. Analyses show the ore to vary from 39 to 60 per cent, metallic iron, and 0.038 to 0.833 per cent, phosphorus. The silica is uniformly low from 2 to 7 per cent, and the sulphur from 0.05 to 0.34 per cent. It is believed that ores run- ning from 45 to 50 per cent, metallic iron, and 0.20 to 0.40 phosphorus can be mined here on a large scale for blast furnace use. The Titaniferous magnetites in the crystalline rocks of Rocking- ham, Guilford and Davidson counties extend from the head waters of Abbott's creek in Davidson county, across Forsyth and Guilford counties, to the Haw river in Rockingham county, a distance of about thirty miles. It consists of two parallel belts, the "Tuscarora" and the "Shaw," lying some three miles apart. Beyond the Haw river they approach each other and are believed to unite in Rocking- ham county. The ore is granular, titaniferous magnetite. The gangue is gneiss. Some of the ores contain alumina in the form of corundum, becoming in places true emery ores. Iron. 89 The ore deposits consist of lens-shaped masses, contracting and enlarging in thickness from a few inches to six and eight feet. The principal bodies which have been worked are estimated to average four to five feet in thickness. These ores were worked as early as the Revolutionary "War in Catalan forges. Later the Tuscarora and Dan- nemora mines were operated by the North Carolina Centre Iron Com- pany. A number of analyses of these ores show: Silica . 1-31 12.86 4.71 12.75 1-39 Metalic Iron. .55-06 53-27 48.41 41-95 30.97 Alumina. ... . 4.26 8.68 5-17 52.24 Sulphur .trace trace 0.089 .... Phosphorus. . .trace trace 0.023 .... Titanic Acid . .13.60 13-58 13-74 15-35 0.7S The magnetite and brown hematite ores in the central part of the crystalline area extend across the State in a southwesterly direction from Virginia to South Carolina; the principal deposits lie in Stokes, Surry, Yadkin, Davie, Catawba, Lincoln and Gaston counties. In the Danbury region, Stokes county, the ores are chiefly mag- netite, and have been mined and smelted as long as one hundred years ago. They occur in a series of parallel belts, occupying a width of about four and a half miles, the outcrops of which have been traced over an aggregate distance of twenty miles along the strike. The country rocks are talcose, micaceous and quartzitic schists and gneisses. The ores may be divided into three classes: (i), hard ore; (2), soapstone ore; (3), sand ore. The " hard ore " is a compact massive magnetite. The "soapstone ore" is composed of magnetite grains disseminated in a soft talcose matrix. This is the so-called " Catawbarite " of lyieber. The "sand ore" consists of granular magnetite in a friable sandy matrix. Among the most important localities in this region are: the William Nelson mine, four and one-half miles northwest of Danbury. The ore was originally mined for the Clements forge built near here in 1790. The ore is of the hard variety, and the thickness of the body as now visible is three to eight feet. Analyses of select ores show: Silica.... 17.83% Sulphur 0.023% Metallic Iron 5324% Phosphorus 0.052% The Lee Nelson mine is three and one-half miles northwest of Danbury. The ore is of the soapstone class. The thickness of the deposit varies from three to nine feet. Analyses of good ore show: Silica 21.47% Sulphur o.c Metallic Iron 47-23% Phosphorus 0.081% 12.29 11.69 15-66 31-75 13.76 5S.26 63-71 57-13 49-03 61.74 O.I79 0.006 O.OOI 0.003 90 North CaroIvIna and its Resources. The Rogers mine, two and one-half miles north of Danbury, was at one time the largest and best developed mine in the section. The main shaft is sixty feet in depth, and the ore in the bottom is stated to be eight feet in thickness. It is of the hard variety. The gangue is chloritic and micaceous. Anal3^ses show: Silica 20.00 Metallic Iron. 52. 86 Sulphur 0.084 Phosphorus.. 0.016 The Pepper mine is one and a half miles east of the Rogers. The ore is a hard, granular magnetite. An analysis shows 44 per cent, metallic iron and 0.033 per cent, phosphorus. The thickness of the ore body is stated to be six to eight feet. The Isaac Fagg mine is four miles northwest of Danbury. The ore is of the sandy class, which occurs in seams of variable and irregular thickness, reaching four feet. Analyses show from 42 to 48 per cent, of iron, and from 0.079 to o. 117 per cent, of phosphorus. Other mines in the vicinity are the Becky Nelson, Cherry tree, Carlin, Simmons, &c. All prospects point to the existence of large and important deposits of magnetite ore. The nearest railroad point to Danbury is Walnut Cove, eleven and a half miles distant, at the junction of the Norfolk and Western and the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley railroads. The magnetite ores of Surry and Yadkin counties consist of magnetite grains disseminated through mica schist and gneiss. The purer ores are almost free from the gneiss, and pass from that degree of concentration by intermediate gradation steps into gneiss containing very little magnetite. The economic value of such leaner ores will depend largely on the cost of magnetic separation. The rock is usually decomposed to considerable depths and is therefore well adapted to easy and cheap crushing. Among the more important localities are: The Ferris mine, two miles north of Pilot Mountain P. O., two beds of ore, each about two feet thick, separated by one foot of mica schist, are reported here; containing from four to sixty-one per cent, of iron and 0.05 to 0.09 per cent, of phosphorus. Hyatt's mine is seven miles west of Pilot Mountain P. O. Ore was formerly mined here for a distance of one thousand feet along the strike, to a maximum depth of twenty feet. The thickness of the bed is stated to be six to eight feet. An analysis of the ore after it had been washed for the forge, showed sixty-three per cent, of iron and o.oj percent, of phosphorus. Iron. 91 The Williams mine is four miles northwest of Rockford. At the Stanley mine, ten miles from Elkin, the ore is limonite and red hematite, having a width of from four to fourteen feet and it contains fifty four per cent, of iron and only a trace of phosphorus. The Hobsen ore beds in the northern part of Yadkin county, have yielded considerable amounts of magnetite ore for the old forges. Analysis show from forty to sixty-seven per cent, of iron, and from a trace to 0.04 per cent, of phosphorus. To the north and south of Mocksville, Davie county, are several localities where magnetic ores are found, but nothing definite is known of the extent of the deposits, excepting some of them carry from eight to ten per cent, of titanic acid. One of the most important belts of ore in this central part of the State extends from Iron station, in lyincoln county, in a northeasterly direction to the Catawba river, in Catawba county, a distance of some twenty miles. The ores are magnetite, and were at one time extensively mined and worked in the primitive Catawba forges and charcoal blast furnaces. The country rocks are micaceous and quartzitic schists, in which the ores occur in lenticular deposits. The principal ores of the old ore banks were: The Big Ore bank, the Brevard, Stonewall and Robinson banks in I^incoln county; and the Morrison, Tillman, Deep Hollow, Mountain Creek, Aber- nathy, L,ittle John and Powell banks in Catawba county. The Big Ore bank is four miles north of Iron Station. The "Eugene " shaft, one hundred feet deep, here exposed three parallel ore bodies, by cross-cutting; respectively eighteen, twelve and eight feet in width; the intervening schists being from three to four feet thick. Analysis of these ores show from fifty-eight to sixty-eight per cent, of iron, from 0.06 to 0.09 per cent, of sulphur, and o.oi to 0.08 of phosphorus. This bank supplied ore for the Rehaboth, Madi- son and Vesuvius furnaces situated close by. The Powell bank is four and one-half miles southeast of Catawba station and the ores were smelted in the Catawba Valley forge. The main bed, opened to a depth of thirty feet, was three to four feet thick. . An analysis shows metallic iron 64.21 per cent, and phosphorus o.oog per cent. A similar zone of ores, and of equal importance to the above, occurs in Gaston county. It consists of four parallel belts: (i). That on which the Ormond mine is situated. (2). I^ittle Mountain. (3), Yellow Ridge. (4). Crowders and King's Mountain. The Ormond mine, situated one mile west of Bessemer City,, has probably been more extensively worked than any other iron mine: 92 North Carolina and its Rejsourcss. (the Cranberry excepted) in the State. The character of the ore is varied, practically speaking there are four classes: (i). Hard block ore, with less than five per cent, water, and hence to be classified as turgite. (2). Bluish black powder ore. (3). Porous brown hematite or limonite, and (4). hard massive ore, slightly magnetic. All of these ores are slightly maaganiferous at times. The ores occur in lenticular bodies in the schistose and gneissic country rock. In length, the ore formation is continuous over twenty- four hundred feet; transversely to the strike, the ore bodies occupy a width varying from fifty to one hundred feet. As to the size of the separate lenses, they vary in thickness from less than three to more than twenty-eight feet. Some analyses show: Silica 9.72 2.48 4.27 1.55 Metallic Iron.. .47.10 52.39 64.56 68. 03 65.35 Sulphur 0.048 .... Phosphorus 0.057 0.079 0.004 0.036 0.007 The Little Mountain mine is situated three-fourths of a mile from the Ormond. The ore is brown hematite, occurring in a distinct vein structure between parallel walls of siliceous slate. The gangue is quartz. On the outcrop the ore is very lean, the quartz predom- inating; but at the bottom of the sixty-foot shaft the quartz has nearly disappeared. In thickness the vein varies from three to ten feet. Analyses show. Silica 6.67 7.90 11.96 Metallic Iroa 54.32 53.75 52.70 Sulphur o.oii .... Phosphorus 0.017 0.045 0.022 In the Yellow Ridge belt are the Costner, Ellison, Ferguson, Frelenwider, and Yellow Ridge mines. These ores are magnetites somewhat similar in character to those of lyincoln and Catawba coun- ties. At times they are rather high in sulphur contents. The mines were worked in former years to supply the local forges, and the maximum depth reached was probably one hundred and twenty feet. In thickness the ore bodies are stated to be usually five to seven feet. Analyses of the ores show: from twenty-seven to sixty-one per cent, of iron, from 0.007 to 0.07 per cent, of phosphorus, and from a trace to 1.5 per cent, of sulphur. The ores of Crowder's Mountain are limonites and magnetites, which have been but superficially explored; so that very little satis- factory information can be given concerning the value of the deposits. In the western part of Catawba and Lincoln, and in eastern Cleveland are several occurrences of magnetite ore, usually slightly Iron. 93 titaniferous. Such are the Barringer and Forney mines in Catawba count}^ Brown hematite ores occur in the cyanitic hydro-mica schists of eastern Caldwell and Burke, and western Catawba and L,incoln counties, but the deposits appear to be rather unimportant from an economical standpoint. The magnetite and brown and red hematite ores of the Blue Ridge mountains and their eastern foot hills may be considered next. Along the crests and slopes of the Blue Ridge in Watauga county, there is a zone of schistose red hematite of considerable parity. The ore is mineralogically martite schist, and the enclosing rocks are grayish, greenish and pinkish siliceous schists, of probable eruptive origin. The principal locality is at Bull Ruffin, seven miles southeast of Boon. The developments are insufficient to establish the true size and extent of the ore bodies, although in places the beds appear to reach five feet in thickness. Similar occur- rences are found near Blowing Rock, and in a northeast direction to near the Virginia State line. Various analyses of this "martite" ore show from forty-four to sixty-eight per cent, of iron, and very low in both sulphur and phosphorus. In the central and northern parts of Caldwell county are several occurrences of titaniferous magnetite, the most noteworthy one being on the Curtis farm, sixteen miles north of Lenoir, in Richlands cove, where the ore body attains an apparent thickness as great as fort5^-five feet, and the ore contains from twenty-eight to thirty-seven per cent, of iron, and from fifteen to thirty-six per cent, of titanic acid. The magnetite specular and brown hematite ores in the crystalline area west of the Blue Ridge mountains, comprise an area of over 5,000 square miles which is the repository of some of the most important magnetic ore deposits in the State. The so-called Little River belt crosses the State line from Grayson county, Virginia, into the northeastern part of Alleghany county. North Carolina, and continues southwest across that county. The ore consists of magnetite in a talcose gangue. It is often slightly titaniferous (2 per cent, to 5 per cent). There are in Ashe county three main belts of magnetite ore; (i). the Ballou or River belt; (2). The Red Hill or Poison Branch belt, (3). The Titaniferous belt. The Ballou or River belt is the most easterly and crops out along the North Fork of New river. There are two parallel outcrops about half a mile apart. A series of old forge diggings extends from Piney creek to New river. The thickness of the ore beds varies from .v94 North Carolina and its Resourceis. thirty feet down. The more prominent localities are Weaver's, Halsey's, I^unceford's and Brown's ore beds. Many of these ores are soft, being in a micaceous gangue, and are hence susceptible of great improvement by washing, or better still, by magnetic concentration. Thus, some of this soft ore running 43.05 per cent, metallic iron, has been brought up to 67.35 per cent, by washing. The Ballon ore bed is probably one of the most important in the county. It is situated on the North Fork near the mouth of Helton creek. The ore is a hard, fine granular magnetite, disseminated in a gangue of hornblende, epidote and quartz. So far as exposed the thickness of the bed is twelve feet, dipping 37° southeast. Analyses of this ore show: Silica 17.88 to 20.79 Sulphur 0.02 to 0.002 Metallic Iron.50.68 to 45.50 Phosphorus. . . 0.009 to 0.024 The Red Hill or Poison Branch belt crosses from the north- western corner of Alleghany into the northeastern corner of Ashe county, and extends thence in a southwesterly direction a distance of some ten miles. Among the more important localities are: The Lee and John L,. Pugh farms, on Ben's branch, where ore bodies from two to forty feet in thickness have been exposed. The ore is friable granular magnetite associated with hornblende schists. At times it is manganiferous. Analyses show from 43 to 45 per cent, of iron, from a trace to 4.6 per cent, of manganese, and is low in both sulphur and phosphorus. The Black property is situated on the southwest slope of Helton Knob. The ore is very friable, and was on this account much prized by the forge people. The Belvins Ore beds are situated on the western foot hills of Helton Knob. The ore is a hard magnetite in a gangue of hornblende and epidote. The thickness of the principal exposed bed is thirty- five feet, with three streaks of ore, aggregating fourteen feet in thick- ness, and containing thirty-two to thirty-six per cent, of iron and very small quantities of sulphur and phosphorus. The Red Hill deposits are directly to the southwest from the above. A number of shallow openings here have uncovered a rather complex and widely distributed ore formation, consisting in places of mixed masses of soft ore, hard ore and gangue, of great width, and in others of narrow bodies — five feet, &;c. — of hard ore; pyrite is present in considerable quantities at times. Analyses show the ore to contain from 20 to 51 per cent, of iron, from 0.07 to 1.6 of sulphur, and from 0.004 to I.I per cent, of phosphorus. Iron. 95 The McClure's Knob deposits are on the opposite side of Helton creek from Reo Hill. A number of openings expose a series of parallel ore beds, distributed over a width of some two thousand feet northwest and southeast, across the strike. None of these, however, so far as developed show a thickness over three feet. The Poison Branch ore bed is situated about one mile southwest from McClure's Knob. The thickness of the ore body is stated to be six feet. It is composed of hard magnetite ore in hornblende gangue, the ore containing from forty-five to sixty-one per cent, of iron, and being low in both sulphur and phosphorus. The PIney Creek ore bed is situated on Piney creek, one and a half miles above its mouth. The ore is course granular magnetite in a matrix of brownish black manganese oxide. It is exceptionally pure and practically free from gangue matter. The thickness of the upper part of the bed is six and one-half feet, beneath which is about one foot of soft highly manganiferous ore. The bed is probably even thicker than this, its full extent not being uncovered. Analyses show from fifty to sixty-five per cent, of iron, from 0.6 to 9.6 per cent, of manganese, and being low in both sulphur and phosphorus. A very similar ore occurs at the Francis mine, a half mile southwest from the above. The greatest thickness of the bed is ten feet. The ores carry a considerable amount of hygroscopic water, as high as forty- two per cent. The Graybeal ore beds, still further to the southwest, carry some similar ores to the Piney Creek, and Francis beds, the main bed, however, consists of hard, solid magnetite, some twenty feet in thick- ness, analyses of which show; fifty-five to sixty-three per cent, of iron and 0.005 to 0.009 Ps^ cent, of phosphorus. The Horse Creek bed is one mile above the mouth of Horse creek, the ore is manganiferous magnetite, and the deposit is at least six feet in thickness. Analyses show from fifty-four to sixty-two per cent, of iron, three to seven per cent, of manganese and 0.006 to 0.02 per cent, of phosphorus. The "Wilcox ore bed is one-quarter mile northwest of Dredsen P. O. The ore is magnetite and epidote hornblende gangue. The width of the outcrop is twelve feet. Analysis shows the ore to contain fifty -three per cent, of iron, and 0.02 per cent, of phosphorus. The Titaniferous ore belt is the most northwestern belt of import- ance in Ashe county. It starts near the Virginia line and extends southwesterly to Helton creek, a distance of two and one-half miles. The ores are titaniferous magnetites. The analyses show from forty- five to fifty-eight per cent, of iron, from five to nine per cent, of g6 North Carolina and its Resources. titanic acid, and very little phosphorus and sulphur. The important points are: The "William Young farm, one-fourth mile south of the Virginia line, where an outcrop of ore is found covering a width of at least twenty-five feet. On the adjoining McCarter farm, a bed from nine to twelve feet in width has been opened; and a half mile nearly west, another bed three feet in thickness. The Banguess ore bed, one-half mile south of McCarter's, shows five feet of ore which has a red color and streak. The gangue is epidote, feldspar and quartz. The Pennington property is about one mile slightly south of west from the Banguess. The ore bed is eight feet wide. On the Kirby place, near Sturgill P. O., a body of magnetite ore about fifteen feet in width has been uncovered, which is low in titanic acid, containing only a fractional per cent. In the extreme eastern portion of Ashe county the gossan ores (brown hematite) of the Ore Knob copper lode, bear mention. The thickness of this lode is about ten feet, and the gossan extends to an average depth of forty-five feet. The principal magnetite and specular ore deposits of Mitchell county are situated in the northern and northwestern parts on the slopes of Roan, Iron, Unaka and Pumpkin Patch mountains. Four belts maybe recognized: (i). The Bald Mountain Specular belt. (2). The Cranberry Magnetite belt. (3). The Roan Mountain Titaniferous belt. (4). The Pumpkin Patch Titaniferous belt. The Bald Mountain Specular belt consists of a heavy and exten- sive outcrop of specular red hematite on the head waters of Spring, Beans, Pigeon Roost and Hollow Poplar creeks, very near the Tenn- essee line. The ore is fine grained and compact; near the outcrop it is silicious, but becomes purer and almost free from gangue matter in depth. Its width is stated to be ten feet. The outcrop has been traced over a distance of seven miles. An analysis shows 52 per cent, of iron, and 0.09 per cent, of phosphorus. The Cranberry Magnetite belt contains by far the most important deposits of ore in this entire region, and has been most extensively developed. The eastern extremity is at Cranberry in the northern part of Mitchell county; thence it extends north 34° west for two and a-half miles to the Tennessee line; crossing the same it passes through the southern portion of Carter county, Tenn., deflecting gradually westward and then south- westward, to the head waters of Tiger creek, recrossing into North Carolina, and continuing in a southwesterly direction to the Toe Iron. 97 river, a total distance of some twenty-two miles. The most impor- tant development in this belt, if not indeed in the State, is at the Cranberry mine, at the terminus cf the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina railroad. The ore deposit is an immense lens of magnetite, associated with hornblende, pyroxene, epidote, quartz, feldspar, calcite, &c. The present workings of the Cranberry mine cover about eight acres on the slope of Cranberry ridge, and consists of tw^o tunnel openings and four main open cuts in successive levels or benches. Altogether the ore body has been opened up and explored in these main v^^orkiugs about eight huudred and seventy- five feet in length, by three hundred feet in breadth, by one huudred and sixty-five feet in average depth, representing approximately 1,600,000 cubic yards. At a low estimate, this volume would contain 4,800,000 tons of ore material. The ore varies in character from very fine grained, dense, massive to soft coarse granular magne- tite. Analyses show the ore to vary from fortj'-five per cent, iron (run of mine) to sixty-eight per cent, from selected masses of ore. It is well within the Bessemer limit as to both sulphur and phos- phorus. The ores are smelted in a small coke furnace situated at the mine, and the pig iron is of a special Bessemer grade, averaging less than 1. 00 per cent, silicon and 0.025 per cent, phosphorus. It has attained a wide reputation for the manufacture of steel. The annual production has varied from about four hundred tons to a maximum of three thousand two huudred tons. The possibilities of the Cranberry mine as an ore producer have never been fairly demonstrated. It is without exception the largest deposit of Bessemer ore in the South, and its importance and value in this respect are very great. The Iron Mountain ore beds are situated in the western part of Mitchell county. Among the principal deposits is the Jenkins mine, on Greasy creek, where the ore body is stated to be 18 feet in maximum thickness. The general Cranberry belt has been traced from the Jenkins place to the Toe river, a distance of eight and a half miles. The Roan Mountain Titaniferous belt lies from three to five miles south of the Cranberry belt, and generally parallel to it. The Titaniferous belt of Pumpkin Patch mountain, north of Bakersville in Mitchell county, shows similar ores. There is only one locality of note in the magnetite ores of Madison county, namely, the Big Ivy or Heck mine, six miles north of Alexander, where an ore body some 50 feet in width has been exposed. The ore is very similar to that of the Cranberry mine. 98 North Carolina and its Resources. The Brown Hematite ores of Cherokee county are among the most important in the State. The ore beds of value occur in the calc schists immediately below the quartzites, and above the marble. The principal deposits extend in a northeasterly direction from Murphy along Valley river for a distance of some sixteen miles. The outcrop is a double one. (i). Extending in a sharp synclinal bed underlying the quartzite, in a direction N. 40° B, from the Hiwassee river to Mason creek. (2). And in a flat synclinal bed along the crest of the low ridge running slightly north of east from Vengeance creek to Valleytown. In the former the quantity of ore is naturally greater, as the members of the synclinal fold dip at steep angles, and in all probability the ore extends to considerable depth; its thickness is from i to 40 feet. In the latter the ore lies nearly flat, on or near the crest of the ridge, and is therefore contracted in its dimensions. Present explorations have shown a width of from 40 to 175 feet, and a thickness of from 8 to 38 feet. The ore is everywhere well situated for mining, but most advan- tageously in the latter formation, where it can be mined almost ex- clusively by stripping and open work. Representative samples of these ores show: Silica S.31% 9.08%. Metallic Iron 54-94 50.02 Sulphur , o 055 0.712 Phoyphorus 0.476 1-423 Similar ores occur in the western part of Madison county.* ECOiNOniC MINHI^ALS. CORUNDUM. la the production of corundum, North Carolina leads all the other States, and indeed, during 1895, nearly all the corundum mined in the United States, came from North Carolina. With a single exception (Acme mine in Iredell county) the mines in the State which have been operated during the past few years, are located in a narrow belt of crysolite rock, which extends from Virginia across this State into Georgia, between the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky moun- tains. The more important of these mines which have been recently operated, are the following: Corundum Hill (Cullasaja) mine and Hosea Moses mine in Macon county; Sapphire (Hog Back) mine in *NoTE — For more detailed descriptions of tlie iron ore deposits of the State, see Bulletin, No. i, published by the State Geological Survey. Corundum. 99 Jackson county; Behr mine and Buck Creek (CuUakanee) mine in Clay county; Carter mine in Madison county, and the Acme mine in Iredell count)'. The first of these, the Corundum Hill mine, seven miles south- east of Franklin, is not only the best known, but has been the longest and most successfully worked of any of these mines. Operations were begun here by Col. C. W. Jencks, in i87i;andsiuce 1878, the annual output of this mine has been from two hundred to three hundred tons of clean corundum. Dr. H. S. Lucas is the present manager. The first mining here was chiefly for gems, and the work was done by hydraulic process, the soil and the decayed rock of the surface being washed through a series of sluice boxes inclined at a considerable angle. The lighter minerals naturally floated off, while the corundum and other heavy minerals remained in the box. The Hosea Moses mine, on Ellijay creek, a few miles north of Corundum Hill, was operated for several years by the same company that operated the Corundum Hill (Hampden Emery Corundum Co). The force employed at these two mines during the past few years has been somewhat variable, but is usually from thirty to forty men. The Sapphire mines, near the Great Hog Back mountain in the southeastern corner of Jackson county, were operated on a consider- able scale from 1892, to the latter part of 1893, from fifty to sixt)' men being constantly employed in mining and prospecting., The pro- duct in 1893 was over four hundred tons of material, one-fourth of which was said to have been nearly pure corundum crystal. The Behr mine, five miles east of Hayesville, was opened in 1880. A steam cleaning plant was erected at the mine and considerable de- velopments and prospecting work was done. The Buck Creek mine is also located in the eastern part of Clay count3^ The inaccessibility of this mine has been one of the chief difficulties in the way of large mining operations at this point. Nearly all the corundum is in massive blocks associated with black horn- blende, and this makes it difficult to work, but corundum occurs here in large quantities, and one may reasonably expect large mining operations here in the near future. The Carter mine is located in the southern corner of Madison county. The corundum occurs here in considerable quantities asso- ciated with spinel, feldspar and other minerals. The Acme mine, about three-fourths of a mile west of Statesville, was operated in 1893 to the extent of producing about 50 tons of clean corundum. Corundum was discovered here about 1875 by Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson, but active mining operations were not begun until 1893. loo North Carolina and its Resources. During the past few j^ears a considerable amount of prospecting has been done in the counties west of the Blue Ridge, especially in Jackson, Macon and Clay, and several new mines are being opened up at the present time. A few miles north of Franklin, on Cowee creek, hydraulic mining in search for gem corundum has been carried on during i895-'96, on a considerable scale. Mica mining in North Carolina has been carried on to a greater or less extent during the past twenty-five years, mainly in the coun- ties west of the Blue Ridge. The majority of the mines are located in Mitchell, Yancey, Jackson and Macon counties. During the past few years the low tariff rate has permitted the importation of large quantities of mica from India, and this has had a tendency to decrease the North Carolina product, but the yield of these mines during the past year (1895) has approximated 36,000 pounds cut mica. Since 1 891, the industry has received something of a stimulus by the intro- duction of the mica mill for the grinding of scrap mica, which prior to that date had been regarded as waste product; the quantity of ground mica produced has increased considerably since that time. The mica occurs usually in the form of large irregular crystals from one to three feet in length, and from a few inches to nearly two feet in diameter at its greatest width; these crystals are usually bedded in a matrix of quartz and feldspar in large irregular veins from a few inches to many feet in width, and sometimes traceable along the surface of the ground for a half mile or more. Generally in these veins, the quartz and feldspar predominate, and sometimes very little mica is present. In places, however, the crystals of mica occur in abundance, sometimes near the foot- wall, again near the hanging- wall and sometimes scattered irregularly through the central portion of the vein. The wall rock for these veins is usually either biotite mica schists or schistose gneiss. Probably the total value of the mica product in North Carolina since the beginning of the industry (1868) has not been much short of $3,000,000-00, of which the mines of Mitchell and Yancey counties have contributed by far the larger part, and nearly all the remainder has been produced in Jackson and Macon TALC AND AGALMATOLITE. The mining of talc is confined largely to Swain and Cherokee counties. The principal deposits which have been worked in the last MONAZITE. lOI few years being those on the Nantahala river at Hewetts, Swain county; and those on the Valley river at Tomotla, eight or ten miles north of Murphy, and those on the Nottely river some five miles southwest of Murphy. At each of these places mining operations have been in progress during the past few years, and mills have been erected for the grinding of talc prior to shipment. Specimens of talc have been found in a number of other counties, and recently a deposit of this matter has been described as occurring in Chatham county . Agalmatolite — pyrophyllite (silicate of alumina) sometimes erroneously classed with talc (which is a silicate of magnesia) is found in deposits of considerable magnitude in Chatham, Moore and Orange counties, where, indeed, it occurs as a white or greenish slate or schistose rock, which can be mined easily and cheapl3\ MONAZITE. A few years ago monazite was regarded as one of the rare minerals found at but few places in North Carolina and elsewhere, and of no special economic value; but since the discovery of the fact that the small percentage of thorium (i to lo per cent.) which it con- tains is the best material for use in the manufacture of the Welsbach incandescent gas lights, monazite has come to have a considerable economic value, and has been mined on a considerable scale in North Carolina. The production and value of monazite mined in the State during the past three years was about 1,500,000 pounds, valued at more than $100,000 at the mines. PRISMATIC AND TWINNED CR.YSTAI,S OP MONAZITS— AI,EXANDe;R CO. The larger part of this monazite has been mined in Burke, Cleveland, Rutherford and McDowell counties. The best sands (highest in thoria) came from Burke and Cleveland counties, though some of special high grade has been reported from McDowell county. The price of monazite has varied from twenty-five cents per pound in 1893, to as low as three cents for the poorer grades and six to ten cents per pound for the better grades sold in i894-'95. I02 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. This monazite is found along the narrow valleys near the head waters of the small streams, mingled with the gravel and sand which lie directly upon the rock. In some places, however, the soil on the slopes of the adjacent hills is found to be quite rich in monazite. It is mined with the shovel and pick, the soil and underlying gravel containing the monazite being thrown upon a perforated iron pan at the head of a sluice box, and as this is washed down by a current of water the monazite, which is nearly twice as heavy as ordinary sand, quickly settles to the bottom and is easily separated from the latter. The separation is completed by a slight additional washing. The black grains of magnetic iron sand and some other impurities are removed by a strong magnet, and the dried monazite is then ready for shipment. MARLS AND PHOSPHATES. In the majority of the counties in the Coastal Plain region, shell marls are found sufficiently near the surface to render it possible for them to be mined and used for agricultural purposes, and for many years these marls were used extensivel)'- in this connection. They are composed largely of fossil shells, with more or less admixture of sand and clay. Analyses show many of them to contain from fifty to ninety per cent, of carbonate of lime, and where these are used for agricultural purposes they are usually scattered over the fields at a rate of from fifty to two hundred bushels per acre. During the past few years, however, the price of agricviltural lime has been so low that the majority of the planters have considered it cheaper to pur- chase lime for spreading over their fields than to mine and haul the marls which they have on their farms. Deposits of phosphate rock have been found in Duplin, Sampson, Pender, Onslow, Brunswick and New Hanover counties; but in only one of these counties (New Hanover) have these phosphate deposits been mined up to the present date. At Castle Hayne, ten miles north of Wilmington, phosphatic pebbles from the size of a pea to an inch in diameter are found mixed with sand and clay in beds from one to six feet in thickness at a depth of from three to ten feet below the surface of the ground. The phosphate pebbles in such cases usually make from ten to fifty per cent, of the aggregate mass of the material, the remainder being sand and clay. Associated with this phosphate gravel is usually found a lime rock in which is imbedded phosphate pebbles of the same size and character as those found in the sand, this being generally designated phosphate conglomerate. The phosphate pebbles mined at Castle Hayne, are there washed Coal. and dried, and shipped to Wilmington, Norfolk and Baltimore, where they are manufactured into commercial fertilizer. On the Hermitage plantation, adjoining the Castle Hayne tract, phosphates of similar character are found extending over a consider- able area. The phosphate rock in Sampson and Duplin counties occurs in much larger blocks, from a few inches to two feet in diame- ter highly water-worn and overlaid by from six to ten feet of sand. Thus far, the deposits of this rock discovered, have not been mined on any considerable scale. COAL. The coal fields of North Carolina are confined to two limited areas or belts of triassic sandstone. The smaller or Dan river belt having a width of from two to four miles, and a length of nearly thirty miles in northeast and southwest directions. The other, the Deep river sandstone belt, extends along a trough, narrow at each end and some fifteen miles wide at its central point, and extends from Oxford, in Granville countj^, south west ward across the State. In the former belt tracings of coal are found through© at almost its entire length, and at several places near Walnut Cove coal is exposed; the formation carrying merchantable coal, however, is limited to the region from the southern part of Chatham, ten or twelve miles into the northern part of Moore. In the Dan river basin, the most promising outcrops for coal, are those along the line near the wagon road from Walnut Cove to Germanton. The coal bearing vein there is said to have a thickness of from two to seven feet. It is exceedingly friable and crumbles readily when exposed to the atmosphere, but like the Cumnock coal, it cokes readily and makes an excellent gas coal. In composition it is semibituminous. The outlook for occurrences here of Vv'orkable seams of coal is fairly good. The quality of the coal in the Deep river region resembles somewhat, but seems to be superior in character, to that in the Dan river region. In the Deep river basin, the coal with its shales, outcrops along the northern margin of the belt at various points for more than fifteen miles, and a number of shafts have been sunk to and through the main seam. In this basin, Emmons reports five seams of coal, separated by black shales and slates, black-band iron ore and fire clay; and estimates the area of this coal field at three hundred square miles. In this region a considerable amount of prospecting work has been done from time to time during the past few years, and the principal coal seam reaches from three to five feet I04 North Carolina and its Rksourcbs. in diameter; it also cokes well rnd is an excellent gas coal. The only mine operated on any considerable scale is the Cumnock, or old Kg5^pt coal mine. CUriNOCK COAL MINES. The Cumnock mines in Chatham county are the only operating colleries in North Carolina. These mines, originally opened years since, were operated in a desultory and primitive manner prior to 1888, when Samuel A. Henszey, of Philadelphia, Pa., obtained pos- session, organized a company, and vigorously proceeded to re-open the mines upon an extensive scale, install a modern and efficient plant and introduce business methods, absence of which had accounted for previous indifferent success. Encountering many obstacles, the restoration and development proved slow and expensive, but by deter- mined and persistent effort the property has been finally' placed in a position that assures success. The underground works have been opened upon a large scale and in a most permanent manner for economical operation. The machine plant, both underground and on the surface, has been perfected with the most modern appliances for hoisting, pumping and ventilation, and every available safeguard for the protection of life and property has been introduced. The colliery is operated by two perpendicular shafts — one for ventilation only, measuring 8 x 10 feet, tapping the vein in the " rise " workings at a depth of two hundred and twenty feet, and the main working shaft, 8 x 12 feet, four hundred and sixty-four feet in depth. The present plant has a capacity of one thousand tons per diem. Direct connection is had with the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley railway at Cumnock and the Seaboard Air lyine at Colon by means of the Raleigh and Western railway, an extension of which is well advanced toward a connection with the Southern railway system at or near Randleman, in Randolph county. The yield is a clean, shining bituminous coal, igniting easily, burning with a bright, clear combustion, leaving very little purplish, grey ash. It swells and agglutinizes, making a hollow fire. The following analyses made at different times and from sampling of the mine at various points attest the uniformit}" of qualitj': Dr. G. C. J. H. Dr. H. Jackson. Schaefer. Cremer. Endeman. Volatile matter 34.80 32.70 27.85 31.42 Fixed Carbon 63.60 60.70 64.19 63.32 Ash 1.60 5.30 4.24 4.12 Moisture ... 1.95 1.14 Sulphur .... 1.30 1.77 1.99 :^-4. -/..'*- * • '^^P '-W'- ^^ CUMNOCK COAL MINES. Graphite. 105 The Cumuock company owns four thousand three hundred acres. The workable veins aggregate six feet in thickness, lying in two benches of four feet and two feet respectively, separated by two feet of black band iron ore, the point of contact being plain and admitting of clean mining. The specific gravity of these coals as ascertained by Dr. H. B. Battle, Ph. D., is for the upper seam 1.31 and the lower 1.43. Using this basis, competent authorities estimate 11,000 tons to the acre, or 47,300,000 tons within the land owned by this one com- pany. The coal is equally suitable for manufacture of gas, generation of steam, blacksmithing and domestic use. The Greensboro Gas Company in a recent letter says: "This coal made nine thousand seven hundred cubic feet of gas, eighteen and one-half candle power, and forty-nine bushels of good, clean, hard coke." For locomotive use, Mr. William Montcure, now Superintendent of the Central Division Seaboard Air Line, made an exhaustive test some time since and in submitting the result said: "I made a test of your coal as com- pared with Pocahontas, using the same engine, pulling the same trains with the same crew, with the following result for the same service: — Pocahontas 52,000, Cumnock 40,000 lbs. As a blacksmith coal it is now being shipped to local points on the Norfolk and Western railroad. As a grate coal it is without a superior, burn- ing wuth a bright blaze, emitting no smoke and with entire absence of soot. GRAPHITE. This mineral, in small quantities, is quite widely distributed in North Carolina in the cr3^stalline rocks, both slates and gneisses, and there are beds of a more or less impure slat}' and earthj'- variety in several sections of the State, the principal of which are two: one in Gaston, Lincoln and Catawba, as a constant associate of the argilla- ceous and talcose slates and shales which belong to the Kings Moun- tain slates, and the other in Wake county. The Wake countj^ beds are the most extensive, as well as the best known, graphite beds in the State. They extend in a northeast and southwest direction for a distance of sixteen or eighteen miles, passing two and a-half miles west of Raleigh. The thickness is two or three, and occasionally four feet. The eastern (and longitudinally the most extensive) bed is nearly vertical. It was opened at a num- ber of points many j^ears ago and has been worked on a small scale, at intervals, during the past few j^ears. It is a bed of quartzitic and argillaceous slates, which are more or less graphitic, from about twentj' to sixty per cent, graphite. io6 North Carolina and its Resourc35s. KAOLIN AND CLAY. At various places in the older rocks of middle and western North Carolina are to be found extensive veins or dikes composed largely of feldspathic material which has decayed from the action of atmospheric agencies, and which deca3^ed material is generally designated as Kaolin. Generally in these dikes there is an admixture of feldspar, quartz and mica. In places the mica occurs in considerable quan- tity, and in crystals of sufficient size to permit of its being mined for commercial mica, and in such cases the deposit is designated as a mica vein. In other cases, quartz is the predominant material, and in still other cases, where the best kaolin is produced, the proportion of both quartz and mica are small, and the feldspar is the prevailing materiaL These dikes vary considerably in size, ranging from a few inches to several hundred feet in thickness, and up to several hundred yards in length. They are generally, though not always, parallel to the schistosity of the crystalline rocks. The kaolin in these dikes, wdiicli occur in the Uaka or Smoky mountains, is said to have been mined by the Indians, "packed" across the country to the seaport and shipped to Europe during the early settlement of the country. From several of these dikes near "Webster, in Jackson county, the kaolin is being mined at the pre-ent time, washed and dried, and shipped to Trenton, N. J., and other pottery centers. The most noted of these kaolin dikes in Jackson county, is that being mined near Webster, by the Harris Clay Company, which dike has a thickness of nearly two hundred feet, and has been traced for a distance of more than half a mile. The kaolin is mined from a depth of from sixty to one hundred and twenty feet, below which point, the original feldspar is not sufficiently soft- ened by decay to permit of cheap mining operations. Many similar, but far smaller feldspar and kaolin dikes are to be found in various counties of both the Mountain and Piedmont Plateau regions; but none of these have been worked to any considerable extent for either feldspar or kaolin. There are also many deposits of cla}^, varying in shade. :)f color, from white, like kaolin, to purplish, yellowish brown, resulting from the decay of granite, gneisses and crystals in schists in these regions. These cla^^s, of course, vary in composition both with the character of the rocks from which the}'' have been formed, and with the extent to which the materials of the original rocks have been separated by the sorting action of water in transporting materials from one place to another. They are frequently a reddish or yellowish color owing to the oxide of iron present, though at many places their colors are Gems and Gem Stones. 107 lighter. These clays are used on a small scale in almost every region where brick are needed for the construction of houses or chimneys, but only at a few places, such as Billmore, (Buncombe county,) Pomona, (Guilford count}^) and Goldsboro, (Wayne county,) have they been used extensively in the manufacture of tile, drain and sewer pipes. Fire brick are also manufactured at Pomona; and the clay beds near Grover (Gaston county) are said to make fire brick and vitrified brick of excellent quality. The most extensive beds of clay known in North Carolina are those found in the Coastal Plain region. In the Potomac (lower Creta- ceous) formation, there are extensive beds of laminated, dark-colored clays, exposed along the banks of rivers crossing the Coastal Plain region, notably on the Cape Fear river for fifty miles below Fayette- ville. These claj^s are usually dark in color owing to the vegetable matter which they contain; and, in some cases, they are highly lignitic. Along the western border of the Coastal Plain region, especially in Moore and Harnett counties, there are limited exposures of silici- ous deposits (over-lying the Potomac series, and capping some of the sand-hills) which have recently been tested for fire brick with very satisfactory results. These deposits are from five to fifteen or more feet in thickness, and are overlaid by but a few feet of loose sand. In a few places the material has all the qualities of fullers earth. Among the Miocene deposits, there are, in places along the river- bluffs in the Coastal Plain region, especially on the Roanoke and the Tar, somewhat extensive exposures of "blue marl," a calcareous clay which may prove to be of some value, but of which no practical tests have yet been made. The Lafaj^ette (Pliocene) materials, which are spread over so large a portion of the Coastal Plain region, are generally sandy in composition, with a large admixture of loam in many places. No extensive deposits of clay have been observed among the materials of this formation though doubtless limited deposits of clay will be discovered as uiore extensive explorations are made. eEMS and GEn STONES. Many of the varieties of precious stones or gems of commerce are found in this State, and have been searched for in spasmodic io8 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. exploration for a number of years. The accidental discovery some fifteen years ago of emerald and hiddenite in Alexander county, where gem mining on a considerable scale was conducted for several years, may be considered the beginning of this industry. The indications rarely justify the expenditure of much capital, and the existing con- ditions barely justify the rating as an industry. Yet it is a source of revenue to a few persons who wash the gravel or gouge out the crystals from the mother rock. The largest plant operated for gems exclusively was that in Alexander county, where emerald, hiddenite, beryl, rarely termi- nated rutile, and exquisite shades of garnets were found; and next to this should be mentioned Corundum Hill in Macon count}', where rubies, sapphires, beryls and garnets are gathered incidentally in washing corundum for the markets. Again, garnets, beryls, rubies, sapphires, hyacinth, emerald, citrine topaz, amethyst and rare quartz gems are taken incidentally in McDowell county, on the property of the Marion Improvement Company, tinder the skillful manage- ment of Col. H. C. Demming, of Harrisburg, Pa. And in a desul- tory way, in Mitchell, Yanc}^ Macon, Buncombe, McDowell, Burke, Alexander, Iredell, Lincoln and other counties various gem stones are gathered and sold to local and foreign dealers. Diamond. — There is recorded the finding of thirteen small diamonds in the State. Seven of these are credited to the auriferous gravel beds of Burke, McDowell and Rutherford counties centering about the Brindletown region. The largest one of these weighed four and one-third carats, and was found in McDowell county. The remaining six are credited to the following counties: Lincoln i; Mecklenburg 2; Franklin 2; Richmond i. There is but small indica- tion that diamonds may be found with more frequency in the future, yet the forest clad hills may one day give to the diamond hunter rewards little dreamed of now. Hiddenite;. — This is an emerald-green variety of spodumene, found only in Alexander county, when it occurs sparsely in the soil and gneissoid rock, along with emerald, monazite, rutile, allanite, dolomite and quartz crystals of generally smoky color and rare modi- fications. At one time a considerable amount of mining was done by the Emerald and Hiddenite Mining Company in search of these gems, and with gratifying success, as crystals of hiddenite and chrome- green beryl of exceptional size and conspicuous beauty were obtained. Hiddenite was named after Mr. W. E. Hidden, of New Jersey (a mineralogist of note who has done much valuable work in this State), by Prof. J. Laurence Smith, who identified the mineral. To I, E/nE-RAUP GRYSTAU- ^. SnOKY TOPAZ^. 3. SAPPHIR-^. •H. 5AGEr^lT S PAbE EnER-ALD 5. AnETrtY6T? 7. MlDDErtlTE CRY5TAU). 8. R05E ga;^ne.t 9. CITRINE, TOPAZ. 50nE MATIVE GE/A6 Gems and Gem Stones. 109 the energy and enterprise of Mr. Hidden is due the introduction of hiddenite as a gem of rarity and with an established commercial CRYSTALS OP HIDDENITE— SPODUMENE. value of $100 or more per carat for richly colored specimens; but speci- mens of the natural crystal were exhibited in the cabinet of Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson, of Statesville, N. C, for several years prior to Mr. Hidden's exploitation. The gem is justly esteemed for its great beauty of color, its superiority over the emerald in the splendor of its fire, and in its being the rarest of the precious stones. (See colored plate; this crystal now in the Harvard Museum.) Kmerald. — Beryls of chrome-green color have been found in many localities in Mitchell, Yancey, Macon, McDowell, Burke, Iredell and notably in Alexander county. The most celebrated specimens are still uncut in the hands of collectors outside the State. One of the finest crystals ever found here was taken from the property of the Emerald and Hiddenite Mining Co., and is now in the private collection of Mr. C. S. Bement, of Philadelphia. It is eight and MODIFIED BASAL TERMINATIONS— ALEXANDER COUNTY EMERALDS. a-half inches in length and weighs nine ounces. (See colored plate.) There were other handsome crystals doubly terminated, and perhaps no North Carolina and its Resources. of better color found, but somewhat inferior to this in size. Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson secured a crystal (fractured) a few 3' ears ago with an outside border or coating of rich chrome-green color, which weighed very nearly twenty-seven ounces. This specimen offered fine material for the lapidist, but its lack of symmetrj^ and absence of terminations lessened its scientific value. Aquamarine. — Pale bluish, bluish-green, pale green, greenish- yellow, yellow, golden yellow and limpid white beryls are found in the mica veins of Mitchell, and in feldspathic and micaceous rocks and in the soil inYancey, Macon, McDowell, Burke, Alexan- der, Iredell and other counties. These tints are more abundant than the chrome-colored, and are sought after by those living in proximity to the localities and offered to collectors; eventually finding their way into cabinets or the show cases of gem dealers. Many of these crystals are of great scientific interest because of the remarkable terminations, oftentimes rivalling the lapidist in the number and brilliancy of the facets presented. A few of these remarkable geometric figures are presented here, through the courtesy of the American Journal of Science. Many fine crystals and fragments of various shades of coloring, and ranging in size from the minutest forms to those of more than two feet in length and as much as seven inches in diameter have been found at the mica mines, and some specimens from other locali- ties. These immense crystals are opaque and generally bluish or greenish in color, and are of value only as specimens. Ruby. — The ruby is derived from the red crystals of corundum, and the finest specimens in the State so far discovered are from Macon county, and the majority from the Corundum Hill mines. A few are found in Clay, Jackson, Iredell and Gaston counties. There have been but few found of the coveted pigeon-blood color. Sapphire. — Like the ruby, sapphires come from crystals of cormidum, and they are to be found at the same localities designated for ruby. Many nice gems have been found in the State. (See colored plate.) The term "oriental" is applied in commerce to ruby, sapphire, emerald and topaz, and in speaking of oriental sap- phire, it is meant that it is a corundum sapphire, and so on through BEaTt— MODIFIED TER MINA.TION OF CKY3- TAL. BERYL— BASAL VIEW OF TER- MINATIONS. Gems and Gem Stones. hi the list. Corundum is next to diamond in hardness, and gems from that source are more highly prized on that account. Cyanite. — This mineral is not very rare in its occurrence in this State, and comes from practically the same localities designated above for corundum gems. It is of an exquisite deep-blue color much resembling sapphire, but of a softer substance, yet hard enough for gem purposes. The finest specimens are found at Yellow mountain, in Mitchell county. Garnet. — This material is widely distributed in the State and is a constant constituent of many of the micaceous and other igneous rocks, and in flattened crystals in muscovite and biotite crystals as inclusions. It is found massive and in trapezohedron crystals weighing from six to eighteen pounds each, and through many intervening forms down to the small fractured masses in Kinzigite and in sands. In color it ranges from black into red, cherry, cinnamon, almandine, purple, rose and other pale tints. (See colored plate.) The most desirable shades for gems come from Macon and Alexander, but good gems are found in Mitchell, Yancey, McDowell, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba and other counties. Pyrope and massive garnet for conversion into abrasives is found in McDowell and Burke counties. Massive manganiferous garnet is found in Rutherford, Lincoln, Gaston, Rockingham, Stokes, Chatham and other localities. Quartz. — The widest distribution characterizes this material. It is comparatively abundant in about one-third of the area of the State. Many rare and interesting forms are to be found, as well as some remarkably large crystals; in fact crystals approaching three hundred pounds in weight are credited to Ashe county. Caldwell county furnishes some beautiful and perfectly limpid specimens. Alexander county is a more prolific source and supplies specimens of many shades in color and of great scientific interest because of rarely modified terminations. Both Mr. J. A. D. Stevenson and Mr. W. E. Hidden have forwarded fine collections ranging in color from almost black through varying tints of brown and yellowish-brown to limpid white, to Germany at the request of an eminent crystallographer, the late G. von Rath, of Bonn, who carefully studied and figured them, announcing in his results many new forms or planes hitherto unknown to science. Under the general head of quartz, reference may properly be had to several gems belonging to this classification. Sagenite, Venus' hair, arrows of love and rutilated quartz, are the names usually applied to one of the most striking of the quartz 112 North Carolina and its Resources. gems. It occurs as a crystal or mass of quartz holding as inclusions scores of acicular crystals of rutile; these are brown, red and yellow in color and are meshed in confusing lines of fier}^ brightness which are very effective in artificial light. Iredell county has supplied many fine specimens; as have Alexander, Catawba and Burke counties. (See colored plate.) Citrine topaz — yellow quartz — is also found in Burke and adjoin- ing counties; but rarely in deep, rich color. It makes a striking gem when the coloring is good, and is much esteemed. The reproduc- tion in the colored plate is from the collection of Mr. A. M. Field, at Asheville. Smoky topaz — cairngorm — occurs in many shades of brown, from very deep — almost black — through varying rich tones and fading into limpid white. This gem, while of low price, is much admired in some of its richer colorings. Amethyst — purple quartz — is widely distributed, almost as great in extent as quartz. It occurs in deep and pale shades of purple, and is too well known to demand extended notice. Catawba and lyincoln counties have produced handsome crystals in clusters. Some few specimens of opalescent quartz have been found which under the lapidist's wheel have turned out fair results. Cabarrus county has supplied the best of this variety of quartz. In addition to the above there have been found many quartz crystals with inclusions of various substances, which have presented when cut, attractive gems. Some of the prettiest of these came from the property of the Marion Improvement Company in McDowell county. Other Gem Stones. — There are a number of gem bearing stones, which while affording occasional gems, are not sought like the foregoing. Among these may be mentioned zircon, v/hich occurs in small crystals in many localities. Some limpid white gems (small) have been cut, but no large gems of any color have been discovered. Agate also occurs in the State, and some material fit for cutting has been found in Cabar- rus and Mecklenburg counties. Some speci- mens of moss agate are reported from Orange county. Rutile of fine texture has been cut into gems — much resembling black diamond in effect — but is not often found flawless enough for the purpose. Specimens of malachite, tourmaline, spinel, chryso RUTILE— HIGHLY MODIPIBD BASAL TERMINATIONS. MT. AIRY GRANITE QUARRY — CAPE FEAR & YADKIN VALLEY RAILROAD. Building Stones. 113 lite, lazulite, carnelian and jasper have all been found, and occasion- ally acceptable gems result from these sources. Also from fresh water mussels in creeks and rivers are occasionally secured pearls of fair quality. BUILDING STONES. Building materials are quite widel}'- distributed in middle and western North Carolina, though all the better grades of building stones are to be found in the middle counties, or the Piedmont Plateau region. Roughly speaking, the State may be divided into a series of geologic belts, extending in a general northeast and southwest direction. Three of these belts may be said to carry most of the stone of economic importance. Sandstone belts, one of which includes the brown stone of Anson, Moore, Chatham, "Wake, Durham and Orange counties; and the other includes the brownstones of Stokes and Rockingham. The eastern granites and gneisses, including the gneiss of Vance and Wake counties, the granites of Franklin, Granville and Warren, and the smaller areas of granite in Wilson, Edgecombe, Richmond and Anson . The Piedmont granite belt, which consists of the granitic and syenitic rocks of Person, Caswell, Alamance, Guilford, Forsyth, Davie, Davidson, Rowan, Iredell, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg and Gaston counties. The gneisses and granites west of this Piedmont Granite belt, but still within the limits of the Piedmont Plateau region, are some- what isolated. The ordinary rocks of the country are gneiss, which at intervals are sufficiently granitic in character to permit of their being used for building purposes, and at intervals throughout this area, as at Mt. Airy, considerable masses of typical granitic material are found. In the Mountain region, the rocks are generally gneissic in character, but in many places, as about Hendersonville, at Troy's quarries, this gneiss proves valuable for architectural purposes, and at a number of places, notably at Stone mountain, in Wilkes county; in the neighborhood of Hickory Nut Gap; and on the French Broad river below Asheville, there are masses of true granite surrounded by gneisses. The browstones are largely limited to the eastern sandstone belt, which extends from Oxford, in Granville county, in a southwesterly 114 North Carolina and its Resources. direction across the State, with a maximum width of about fifteen miles. The rocks of this belt are all of triassic age, belonging to the same geological formation, which with Connecticut, Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey, furnish the famous brownstone for northern and eastern cities. Within the limits of this belt are many exposures of a fine, compact, light and dark reddish brownstone, not at all inferior to the better grades of brownstones from the States just mentioned. Quarries have been opened up at a number of different places, the more important of which, are the following: The Frank Hammond quarry, two miles south of Wadesboro; the Linehan quarry, one mile north of Wadesboro; and the Wadesboro Brownstone quarry, about one mile northwest of Wadesboro. The stone from all three of these is homogeneous, fine grained and compact, varying in color from a reddish brown to a grayish brown. Near Sanford, there are also several brownstone quarries; that of the Aldredge Brownstone Co., one mile south of Sanford, being the largest and most actively worked of the region. This quarry has a branch railroad connecting with the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley and the Seaboard and Air Line railroads at Sanford, and is now quarrying, sawing and shipping brownstone of excellent quality to a number of States. Other quarries which have been operated to a greater or less extent in this region during the past few years, are the Goenella Bros, quarry, about one and one-fourth miles south of Sanford and near the Seaboard Air L,ine railroad; the Carolina Red and Brown- stones Company's quarry, where a mill has been erected for sawing the stone, and the Carolina Brownstone Company's quarry, about one- fourth mile west of Sanford. There are also other places near Sanford where brownstone of good quality has been discovered and opened up to a limited extent. Near Carthage, in Moore county, on the property of Messrs. Grimm, McNeal & Bros., are several outcrops of brownstone which promise to be of excellent quality. Near Cumnock (Egypt) is a large exposure of a brownish red, compact sandstone, which is exposed along the banks of Deep river for a distance of half a mile. Also about one mile east of Guilford along the banks of Deep river, is a fine to medium grained sandstone; and in other places near by sandstones of color varying from olive to gray and buff, have been found in considerable quantities, and are being quarried by the Gulf Buff Stone Company. Also along the line of the Raleigh and Western railroad, between Cumnock and Colon, medium fine grained brownstone of good quality lias been quarried to a limited extent. ,,MmMMtAi M.- Z ^0--'^ '-K ■. .?» » ,f-^--^-^^i ##: -^g^ >^ STONE MOUNTAIN — WILKES COUNTY. Building Stones. 115 At several points in the western part of Wake county, as, near Brassfield, and in Durham county, sandstone of good quality has been quarried to some extent. The Dukfes' quarry is located about one mile east of Durham, and the Rogers quarr}'- is located near the latter. Concerning the granites, the following brief statement can mention only some of the more important quarries and places. In Wake county there are near the city of Raleigh important beds of granitic gneiss which were worked at the "Capitol Quarry" in the eastern edge of the citj^ from which the material was obtained for the construction of the Capitol. The penitentiary quarry, inside the enclosure of this institution, furnished the stone for the foundation and walls of the prison, and for a number of other purposes. On Dr. Lewis's farm, two miles northwest of Raleigh, is a hard, tough, fine grained, gray gneiss, which has been worked at intervals for many purposes. At Wyatt, on the Raleigh and Gaston railroad, is a pink granite; and near Rolesville, some fifteen miles northeast of Raleigh, are extensive deposits of gray biotite granite with pinkish feldspar. In Franklin county there is a quarry at Louisburg; and extensive beds of gray biotite granite, medium grained, on the Freeman Mill place in Nash county, about twelve miles west of Springhope; this stone is of good quality, and would doubtless work in a satisfactory manner. In Granville and Warren counties granite of good quality has been worked to a limited extent at a number of different places in the vicinity of Oxford; at Warrenton, and again about one mile north of Warren Plains. About two miles northwest of Warren Plains is another outcrop of gray granite, which has been used for making mill stones, and for other purposes. In Wilson county, a few miles south of Wilson, on the Wilmington and Wei don railroad, and on Moccasin river, are considerable beds of coarse, red, feldspathic granite, which splits readily, takes a beautiful polish, and closely resembles the red Scotch granite. Granite deposits of quite similar character are to be found along the line of the Sea- board Air lyine railroad in Anson and Richmond counties. In Wil- son county, it should be mentioned also that on the Wilmington and Weldon railroad, two and a-half miles above Toisnot, a medium to coarse grained granite of dark gray color occurs in considerable quantities. In the Piedmont Granite belt, building stone of excellent quality occurs in great variet)', and is widely distributed. The two more important regions where active quarrying has been in progress during II 6 North Carolina and its Resources. the past few years are in the Dunn's Mountain region, in Rowan county, and about Mooresville, in Iredell county. The more important granite quarries and deposits of Rowan county lie along the line of Dunn's mountain ridge, which extends in the northeast and southwest course for a distance of about twenty miles, in the eastern portion of the county and closely parallel to the main line of the Southern railway. The stone here outcrops in broad exposures of several acres extent and has been quarried in a dozen or more places, at all of which there are large outcrops capable of furnishing immense quantities of stone without stripping. With the exception of Dunn's mountain proper all the stone of this great ' 'boss" is of medium fine grain and light-gray speckled, with occasional small crystals of magnetite and pink feldspar, the latter in places becoming so abundant as to give a uniformly, warm pinkish tint, as at the Kirk mountain quarry, and Dunn's mountain proper. Stone from this latter place was used in building the Federal Post Office, at Raleigh. This is an exceedingly valuable and extensive granite area and is destined to be, in the near future, worked on a large scale. The more important of the quarries of this region are those of the Pink Granite Company; the Hambley quarry; the Stone Mountain Granite Company's quarry, and the Kirk Mountain Granite Com. pany's quarry, all four or five miles east of Salisbury and tapped by the Yadkin railroad. And the Wyatt quarry several miles south- west of this point. In the neighborhood of Mooresville, three quarries have been opened up during the past two years, two for monumental stones, and one that has been worked to some extent for building material. The Stone is fine grained biotite granite, for the most part containing little or no injurious material. Handsome monuments made from this stone are to be seen in the cemeteries at Raleigh, Charlotte and a number of other places. The three more important deposits are those at the quarry of the Charlotte Granite Co., about one mile south of Mooresville; the J. N. Breed quarry, one and a-half miles southwest of Mooresville, and the Biddell quarry, three miles east of Mooresville. Excellent granite is also to be found in Davidson, Davie, Cabar- rus and Alamance counties. In Davie county there is an exceed- ingh/ unique and beautiful stone which has been called "Orbicular granite' ' or Augite, occurring at Coolomee. The Mt. Airy granite quarry in Surry county is the best known and the most extensively worked at the present time. The stone is nearly white granite of uniform grain and texture, and free from in- Public Roads. 117 jurious material. It works easily in three tracks, and is so located as to be entire!}" free from quarrj^ water. The stone is exposed over an area of more than forty acres, so that no stripping is necessary in quarrying operations. The quarry equipment is extensive and com- plete in every direction. Operations have been carried on during the past several years on a large scale by the Mt. Airy Granite Com- pany. Stone Mountain on the line of the Blue Ridge in the northern part of Wilkes county is an enormous mass of gray granite, which has recently been purchased by a new company, which purposes to con- struct a railroad to that point and quarry the stone on an extensive scale. The color and texture are quite uniform and the stone appears to be free from injurious materials, and will doubtless make an excellent material for architectural purposes. PUBLIC ROADS, The question of good roads has occupied the attention of the people of the State for about ten years, but has only recently taken sufficient hold upon the public mind as to show itself in good works. The question is of vital importance to the farmer and trucker, and indeed to every industry. Ample provision is now made by law, so that any county or township may begin the permanent improvement of its roads. In addition there are many special acts of the last few sessions of the Legislature for separate counties. These vary in their details, but in nearly every case they retain in part the requirement that able-bodied citizens shall be liable for labor on the public roads for a limited number of days, and with this they combine provision for a varying rate of taxation for road purposes. In a few of the counties the monej^ necessary for the new road work is paid out of the general county fund. In a few cases the old labor system has been abolished entirely, and the roads are being worked by taxation alone. In nearly all of the counties convict labor is employed in the road improvement, and in the majority of cases a limited amount of improved machinery and implements have been purchased and are being used in the work. The construction of stone roads has been undertaken in Mecklenburg, Wake, Alamance, Cabarrus, and to a lesser extent in Forsj^th, Rowan and Durham counties. Buncombe has purchased a complete outfit of machiner}^ and has begun to macadamize. The work in other counties has thus far been limited ii8 North Carolina and its Resources. largely to the improvement of earth roads by grading, draining, and in some cases changing the location of the old roads. In Mecklenburg county the work has now been in progress for some years; during which time nearly forty miles of roads have been graded and drained, and nearly as many miles have been macadam- ized. The general plan adopted, and which has been adhered to, was to start at the city limits of the county-seat and to grade and macad- amize all of the important public roads from this point out toward the township and the county limits. These roads have a width of forty feet for the first two miles from the city limits, and beyond this point a width of thirty -six feet. They have a maximum grade of four feet in one hundred. For cross drains sewer pipes are used in all cases where practicable, and strong wooden bridges with stone piers have been put in wherever needed. The average cost of these roads, including the macadamizing and grading, is about $2,000 per mile. The average number of convicts employed is about eighty, and the average cost of this labor per convict, including their food, clothes, medical attention and guarding, is from twenty to twenty-two cents per day. In charge of the work is one superintendent and one engineer (part of the time) and six guards. The rate of taxation in the county has been eighteen cents on the $100 worth of property, and the entire amount raised in this way for the support of the convict force in road-improvement work during the past year was about $18,000. In addition to this, each township levies a tax varying from seven to fifteen cents on each $100 worth of property. In Wake county, Raleigh township has been working its roads by taxation and labor during the past six years. It has a steam-roller, road machine, crusher, spreading carts, and a complete list of smaller implements for road work. The number of convicts employed varies from fifty to sixty, and the average cost per convict per day, includ- ing food, clothes, medical attendance and guarding, is about twenty and one-half cents. All the county prisoners whose terms are less than ten years can be used in this work. Convicts do every kind of the work except the most difficult part of the bridge construction* Twenty-eight miles of road have been graded and eighteen miles have been macadamized, the work having been divided between the principal roads in the township, starting from Raleigh. By special law the work has been extended beyond the township boundary. Excellent truss bridges are being built across all the streams and culverts. In Alamance, Cabarrus and Rowan counties a limited amount of macadamizing has been done, and many miles of earth roads have SHELL ROAD ^-WILMINGTON. Public Roads. ng been greatly improved b}^ grading and draining. These counties use their convicts in working their important roads. Buncombe county, out of its general tax fund, maintained an aver- age force of about sixty convicts at work on its more important public roads, for several years, at an average cost of about thirty-five cents per day per convict. For general road work, the old system still prevails. Many miles of earth roads have been regraded and drained and in places relocated. A complete outfit for macadamizing work has been purchased, and a limited amount of work has been done. In the other counties mentioned above the question is now being agitated, and in the near future they will doubtless begin to con- struct stone roads. In all of them the earth roads have been improved, to a greater or less extent, by grading, draining and changes in the location of roads These improvements are increasing the popularity of the movement. One of the most encouraging feat- ures of the movement has been its growth in several of the eastern counties during the past few years. Several years ago the strongest opposition to the movement came from these eastern counties, where the surface of the country is level, and where the stone for macadamizing purposes is scarce or entirely absent; but during 1893, and years following, Wayne, I^enoir, Edge- combe and New Hanover counties, adopted plans for improving their earth roads and have pushed the work forward with vigor and success, accomplishing results of decided benefit at a small expenditure of money. This has resulted in arousing considerable interest in the subject in a number of adjoining counties. In New Hanover, by the expenditure of a small sum annually, a limited amount of grading and draining is being accomplished, and the sandy road surface is being improved by the admixture of clzy, and, it is believed that in the near future these roads will be still further improved by being covered either with crushed stone or with oyster shells from the adjoining sounds. A few years ago a shell road was constructed in this county for a distance of eight miles (from Wilmington to Wrightsville), w^bich since that time has been maintained in excellent condition by the employment of one man, who, v/ith a cart and horse, drops small quantities of oyster shells at such points as show indications of wear. This road now serves as an object lesson in showing the ease with which an excellent road can be constructed in this region and the small expenditure necessary for keeping it in repair. In Edgecombe county, as is the case also in New Hanover, no convicts are at present employed on the public roads, but it is I20 North Carolina and its Resources. expected that they will be employed in both counties at an early date. A tax of forty-five cents on the poll is assessed for road purposes. Machinery is used, including a road machine, scrapers and plows, and a horse roller; ordinary labor is employed at a cost of about sixty-five cents per day. The policy adopted in this county has been to first improve the particularly bad places in the roads in difierant parts of the county, and in this way, the result has been to give general satis- faction with the work in many parts of the county, because the bene- ficial effects of the work became apparent at once in as many places. In Wayne and Lenoir counties, the plan for improving the more important earth roads is somewhat similar to that in Edgecombe, but the tax fund is smaller in both, and convict labor is used. The trucking industry in these latter counties is one growing in importance, and this has greatly increased the demand for road surface over which large loads can be hauled at a rapid rate without serious jolting. This demand will doubtless prove a great stimulus in the permanent improvement of public roads and will ultimately result in their being macadamized, although the material for the purpose will have to be brought from the adjoining counties. At Newbern, in Craven county, so great has been the demand for better roads that recently a considerable sum was subscribed by private individuals for macadamizing a road leading from the town through one of the important trucking districts, and this road, in the building of which the county co-operated with private individuals, is now being constructed. A beautiful and serviceable macadam road was built a few years since from the town to the Federal cemetery by the United States Government, the stone used being a shell limestone, from Trent river. In Guilford county, the two townships which join at the county seat (Greensboro) have voted a tax for the improvement of the earth roads, and have pushed this work along during the past few years with the result of greatly improving them. Both townships have purchased road machines and other implements. In Iredell county a small tax on property and on the poll has been levied, and a road fund has been raised. During the past few years the county convicts have been used on the roads, and they have graded many miles of road, starting from the county seat and extending out into the county on each important road. In Forsyth county, after improving the earth roads in the immediate vicinity of the county seat (Winston-Salem), the convicts, fifty to sixty in number, have been transferred to various parts of the MACADAM ROADS AND BRIDGES — WAKE COUNTY. Road Materials. 121 county, and have been emplo3^ed in improving the worst places on the important public roads. The work is supported by a small tax levy on both the poll and property. ROAD MATERIALS. In the central and western counties of the State there is usually an abundance of stone for use in macadamizing roads. The larger part of this stone is granitic in character, and some of this is rather soft for use in surfacing roads; but at intervals in all these counties harder and tougher material can be found in the form of hornblende, granite, diorite trap and other eruptive rocks, and where these occur along the lines of railroad, they can be crushed and transported to the points where the macadam is needed, in many cases at a small cost. In the eastern counties good stone for macadam is scarce or entirely wanting; but in quite a number of these counties, limestone or shell rock can be obtained at intervals, and the fact that they make a serviceable road has been demonstrated by the experiment at Newbern, and on the streets of Goldsboro, where a considerable amount of macadamizing was done some three years ago with shell rock from Castle Haj'ne on the Atlantic Coast I,ine railroad. In the latter case the shell rock was laid down in thickness only three or four inches. The surface was packed by the ordinary travel, and it has now withstood the constant v/ear of the vehicles on the main streets of Goldsboro during the past three years without the need of anj^ repairs. In the counties bordering the coast, excellent roads can be built and maintained by the use of oyster and other shells, as has been shown in the case of the shell road between Wilmington and Wrights- ville. In quite a number of counties, limited amounts of gravel can be obtained for use on the roads, but this is usually inferior in quality. Along many of the streams, however, where crossed by public roads, a suSicient supply of gravel and coarse sand can often be found, which will ver}'- greatly improve the surface when spread over it, and again in the eastern counties, where the sand prevails at intervals, along the roadside can frequently be found deposits of clay which, when mixed with sand, improve the road surface con- siderably. In a few places gravel and sand deposits are found which have a suflficient amount of clay and oxide of iron intermixed to cement the mass into a hard surface. 122 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. WATERS AND WATERWAYS, RIVERS. The river system of the State is determined by its peculiar topography. Its rainfall is copious, the annual average for the whole State being about fifty-three inches, and is the fountain of numerous streams in all sections of the State; and, owing to the fact that the rivers in the Piedmont Plateau and Mountain regions have their origin among the highest mountains and on the highest table-lands on the eastern side of the American continent, these rivers, in their descent towards the sea, develop an immense amount of mechanical power. Those in the Coastal Plain region, with equal abundance of rain as a source of water supply, but with more gentle descent towards the ocean, offer facilities for navigation not possessed by the rivers of the former regions, and towards their mouths expand into wide estuaries, connecting with the sounds and bays which provide the ports and harbors available for exterior commerce, foreign and domestic. Topographical causes also largely influence the course and direction of these rivers. Those rising west of the Blue Ridge are diverted by that barrier towards the north and northwest and towards the Valley of the Mississippi with ultimate destination to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Those rising east or south of the Blue Ridge, or the upper part of the Piedmont region, after a general direction towards the east, ultimately pass out of the State in the middle portion of the Piedmont Plateau, and find their way to the Atlantic ocean through the State of South Carolina; while those having their sources in the belt on the eastern extension of the same region find an entrance into the tide-waters of the Coastal Plain region of this State. The general river system is naturally divided into three subordi- nate ones entirely distinct from each other. The most characteristic of these is that originating on the Blue Ridge, or on its western slope, the superior elevation of the high culminating masses of the great Appalachian chain throwing off the rivers to all the points of the compass. From this culminating height the Tennessee river, with its length of twelve hundred miles, draws its chief suppl5^• and the Ohio, with equal length, from the same source draws one of its chief upper tributaries. The volume of water poured out from this mountain reservoir is very great. Thus, the most western of them^ ON FRENCH BROAD RIVER — SOUTHERN RAILWAY. Rivers. 123 the Hiwassee, with its tributaries, the Valley and Nottely rivers, draining two counties, Clay and Cherokee, an area of about six hundred and fifty square miles, passes into southeastern Tennessee, a powerful stream with a breadth of one hundred yards, with a descent, from its sources to the State line, a distance of about seventy-five miles, of from eight hundred to nine hundred feet, providing great and continuous water-power. The Tennessee river, united with the Cheoah, the Nantahala, the Ocono I^uftee and the Tuckaseegee, all large streams with a width of from fifty to one hundred and fifty yards, with united volume and resistless power, cuts its way through the Smoky mountains at the point of their greatest elevation, and constitutes one of the principal branches of the greater Tennessee, which unites with the Ohio a short distance above the junction of that river with the Mississippi. The united drainage of the Tennessee in North Carolina is about one thousand five hundred square miles, with a united length in this State of three hundred miles. The fall of each of these, from their sources to the State line, is about one thousand feet. The Pigeon river drains a separate area of about five hundred miles. It has a course of about seventy miles in North Carolina, with a width of about eighty yards, and a fall, from its upper valleys to the borders of Tennessee, of about one thousand feet. The French Broad river is nearly as large as the Tennessee, and is fed by several large affluents, such as Davidson's river. Little river, North river, Swannanoa, Ivy and Laurel, and drains a territory of about one thousand four hundred square miles. The fall from the mouth of Little river, in Transylvania county, to the State of Tennes- see, is about one thousand feet. The Nolechucky, formed by the union of Caney river and North and South Toe, unites with the French Broad after that stream has entered the State of Tennessee, becoming a broad and deep stream in size little inferior to the river with which it joins its waters. Its drainage is about six hundred square miles, and its fall is about one thousand five hundred feet. Elk and Watauga rivers are smaller streams, with a course of only twenty miles or more in this State, but chief tributaries of the important Holston river in Tennessee. The New river, alone of all the rivers of the State, flows north, or northwest into Virginia, and uniting its waters with those of the Kanawha, empties at length into the Ohio. Its aggregate length in North Carolina is nearly one hundred miles, and its fall about seven hundred feet, and its drainage surface within the State is about seven. 124 North Carolina and its Resources. hundred square miles. This is one of the larger mountain rivers, of the size of the Hiwassee, Tennessee and French Broad. Of the characteristic features of these mountain rivers, Prof. W. C. Kerr, former State Geologist, has remarked: " There is a common feature of these streams that is worthy of remark, viz: that through a very considerable part of their tortuous course across the plateau from the Blue Ridge to the Smoky, the amount of their fall per mile is frequently quite small, not greater than that east of the mountains, the greater part of their descent occurring within the gorges through which they force their way across the Smoky chain, so that many of them present navigable channels of considerable extent. The French Broad, for example, has a fall of less than three feet to the mile from Brevard to Asheville, a distance by river of forty miles," And he says: "The dominancy of the western chain of mountains frequently asserts itself in a very striking manner, notwithstanding it is obliged, sooner or later, to give passage to all the streams of the plateau. The French Broad is a striking illustration, as well as North Toe and New river (South Fork), all these being thrown off by the steeper slopes and more rapid torrents from the western escarpments and hurled against the very crests of the Blue Ridge, along which they wander lingeringly in slow and tortuous course, as if anxiously seeking the shorter passage to the sea; but finally turn, as if in desperation, and plunge with roar and foam against the frowning ramparts (of the Smokies) which bar their way to the west." There is, on the south and a portion of the east slope of the Blue Ridge, another system which has, in the course of its streams, almost direct outlet into Georgia and South Carolina, viz: the Chatooga and Toxaway, which are the chief head streams of the Savannah river the upper waters of the Saluda; and the Green and First and Second Broad, which unite to form the Broad river of South Carolina, unit- ing v^ith the Saluda at Columbia to form the Congaree. Another and more important system is that which drains the northern half of the Piedmont Plateau, and which is represented by the Catawba and Yadkin rivers. These streams have a general course a little north of east until they leave the Mountain region, when they turn at right angles to their former direction, and pursue nearly a southerly course, and pass into South Carolina broad and placid streams, the Yadkin then taking the name of the Pee Dee and the Catawba that of the Wateree. Both of these streams receive their chief affluents from the north side, and many of these are large streams. Into the Catawba flow North Fork, lyinville, John's river, and many others of less volume; while the Yadkin quickly gains J^ ON ROANOKE RIVER - WELDON. Rivers. 125 consequence by the admission of Reddy's, Roaring, Elkin, Mitchell's Fisher's, Ararat and I^ittle Yadkin. The combined drainage of these two great streams is more than tv»^o thousand five hundred square miles. The Yadkin receives in its lower course a larger number of affluents than the parallel stream, the Catawba, has a greater fall in its course, and drains a wider and more continuous valley. Both are navigable in their upper courses, interruptions by shoals being infrequent and readily surmounted, works to that effect having been begun nearly three-quarters of a century ago, but never per- fected. The course of the Yadkin presents remarkable features of fluctuation in placidity, in width, and in contrast of characteristics, its upper course, almost from its source, having a very slight fall, then interrupted by Bean's Shoals for a mile or more, where it expands to the breadth of two hundred yards, then resuming its gentle course, attaining a width of several hundred yards, with its flow interrupted by numerous willow-covered islands, until, as it approaches the gorge formed by the encroachment of the Uwharrie mountains upon its channel, it suddenly plunges, a bold cataract of ten or twelve feet, into the head of the Narrows through which it passes for a distance of three miles, compressed into an inconceivably swift torrent of a width of not more than sixty feet and two miles or more in length. Emerging from that, it at once expands into a channel of one thousand yards in breadth, soon loses itself in the herbage of the Grassy Islands, expands, a sea of verdure, to the width of a mile, again emerges, and passes on to the South Carolina line through a channel of several hundred yards in breadth, torn by rocks and interrupted by numerous islands, many of them large enough for profitable tillage. Another important system is that of the Dan and its tributaries. The Dan is the largest river in the State, measured along its course from its sources in the county of Stokes to its mouth, a distance of more than three hundred miles; and is further remarkable as the only river in the State rising in the Blue Ridge and reaching within the State the waters of the Atlantic ocean. It empties into Albemarle sound, as the Roanoke. A large portion of this river is navigable; from its mouth by steamboats up to Weldon, thence past the rapids by canal to the smooth waters above Gaston, thence by canals past other similar obstructions to the borders of Stokes county, in which it has its rise. There is another important system, having its origin in the Piedmont Plateau region, discharging its waters into the sounds and 126 North CaroivIna and its Resources. bays of North Carolina, and giving to the people of the interior easy- access to the sea and to the aa vantages of exterior commerce. This system includes the Tar, Neuse, Haw, Deep, and Caps Fear rivers. The Tar river rises in the western part of Granville and among the semi-mountainous hills of Person, flows towards the southeast, drains most of the area of eight counties, embracing about five thous- and square miles. Its fall from its source to tidewater is upwards of four hundred feet. Its greatest water-power is demonstrated near Rocky Mount, for three-quarters of a century the seat of one of the largest cotton factories in the State. It is navigable to Tarboro. At Washington it expands into a broad estuary, navigable for sea-going vessels, and thence takes the name of Pamlico river. Neuse river has its sources in the hills of Person and Orange counties. It becomes navigable for steamboats at Smithfield, in John- ston county, all obstructions having been removed to that point. At Newbern it is two miles wide, and it is there joined by the Trent river, and the united streams soon widen to a width of eight miles, emptying at length into Pamlico Sound. It is navigable for vessels drawing four- teen feet of water as far up as Newbern. Its length is about two hundred miles, and it drains an area of about five thousand square miles. Haw river and Deep river, which unite at Ha5^wood, in Chatham county, to form the Cape Fear, rise, the first in Rockingham, the other in Guilford county, and are important from the great water- power provided by them, utilized in Alamance and Randolph counties by numerous cotton mills, upon which streams there is a greater con- centration of manufacturing industry than elsewhere in the State. The Cape Fear river, formed by the junction of these streams, becomes navigable at Fayetteville to Wilmington, a distance by water of one hundred and twenty miles, giving an interior navigation not equalled by any other river in the State. From Wilmington the Cape Fear makes directly into the Atlantic ocean, and ships drawing twenty-two feet pass its bar just below Southport. It became a very important avenue from the earliest settlement of the country for the ingoing and outgoing trade of the interior, and was early made the object of improvement by an incorporated company organized in 1795; thence by the State, which, at different times, spent nearly a million dollars in attempts to improve the upper waters above Fayetteville; and in late years by the General Government, which has taken in charge the maintenance of continuous navigation between Fayette- ville and Wilmington. The aggregate length of the Cape Fear and its tributaries is about five hundred miles, and its area of drainage not less than eight thousand square miles. i^ t -fil \U^^ . A ON LINVILLE RIVER. Lakes. 127 Among the larger tributaries to the Cape Fear are the Black and North East rivers, both large, navigable streams. In the south-east corner of the State are Lumber and Waccamaw rivers, both bold, navigable streams, entering South Carolina, uniting with the Pee Dee, and emptying into Winy ah Bay near Georgetown. In the northeastern section are numerous broad, navigable rivers, draining an area of about two thousand five hundred square miles, and emptying into Albemarle Sound. Of these the Chowan is the largest. It is joined by the Meherrin, the two having a united length of about one hundred miles, and giving practicable navigation into Virginia. The chief of the other streams are Perquimans, Little river, Pasquotank and North river, all navigable, with little fall, and therefore unavailable as water-power. The Alligator and the Scuppernong are broad, deep but short streams, emerging from the great swamps of Hyde and Tyrrell counties. They also empty into Albemarle sound. Pungo, Bay river, and, between the Neuse and Cape Fear, several other short tidal streams, such as Newport and North river in Carteret county. White Oak river in Jones county, New river in Onslow county, and Lockwood's Folly and Shallotte in Brunswick county, contribute their testimony to the extent of the water area of the coast region, and to the evidences of a bountiful, but not excessive, annual rainfall. The total aggregate in the length of the rivers in North Carolina — not including innumerable small rivers and creeks — is about three thousand three hundred miles, and their total fall is about thirty- three thousand feet, or an average of ten feet to the mile. The water powers are treated under a separate and subsequent head. LAKES. The lakes naturally comprised in the water system of the State, compose a very small area in the water surface. They are found only in the Coastal Plain region and are comparatively of small size. In the Mountain region, evidently, in a former geological era, they had filled the areas now occupied by numerous valleys; but the barriers which once confined them long since gave way, and the tumultuous streams which now drain those valleys give no present token of their former languid life. In the Piedmont Plateau region there are now no lakes, nor any evidence that they had ever existed. In the Coastal Plain region are to be found fifteen in all, of various dimensions. The 128 North Carolina and its Resources. largest is Mattamuskeet, in Hyde county, with an area of nearly one hundred miles, of elliptical form, and in dimensions about fifteen miles in length and from five to seven in breadth. This, and I369 4,^73 Miscellaneous apparatus 202 Shore property and accessories 306,506 Cash capital 303,800 Total 1,243,988 The capital invested in the fishing industry was $1,243,988, and the valne of vessels and their outfits was $101,029; of boats, pile drivers and steam flats, $188,375; of apparatus of capture, $344,278; of shore property and working capital, $610,306. The minor factors in the investment are brought out in the above table. III. — TABLE OF PRODUCTS. Species. Pounds. Vai^ue. Alewives, fresh 5,219,979 $48,865 Alewives, salted 11,261,084 1^5, 77i Black bass, fresh 406,330 20,420 Black bass, salted 1,200 72 Bluefish, fresh 1,151,380 29,398 Bluefish, salted 193,814 4.205 Catfish, fresh 53,685 1,246 Channel bass, fresh 136,950 1,404 Channel bass, salted 28,865 515 Croakers, fresh 227,345 5,461 10 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. Species. Pounds. Value. Croakers, salted 84,120 2,406 Eels, fresh 160,615 9,726 Flounders, fresh 48,630 894 Hogfish, fresh 251,370 7,830 Hcgfish, salted 5,150 141 Menhaden, fresh 12,410,400 16,171 Mullet, fresh 974,815 19,178 Mullet, salted 2,610,216 78,065 Mullet roe, salted 950 165 Perch, fresh 583,204 22,098 Perch, salted 26,270 671 Pike, fresh 40,510 1,765 Pompano, fresh 9,750 780 Red horse, fresh , 60,550 i,779 Sea bass, fresh 33,075 1,158 Shad, fresh *5, 675,063 301,942 Shad, salted 93, 350 4,073 Sheepshead, fresh 90,665 4,000 Sheepshead, salted 55, 680 1,981 Spanish mackerel, fresh 82,950 5,978 Spanish mackerel, salted... 8,550 276 Spots, fresh 227,160 5,289 Spots, salted 181,100 5,573 Strawberry bass, fresh 28,075 1,106 Striped bass, fresh 562,841 3i>973 Striped bass, salted 5, 500 165 Sturgeon, fresh 175,210 4,467 Squeteague, fresh 1,640,160 39.958 Squeteague, salted 245,517 8,898 Whiting, fresh 35,3oo 1,231 Miscellaneous fish, fresh... . 474,452 12,851 Miscellaneous fish, salted. . . 87,963 2,362 Refuse fish 18,500 173 Porpoises ** 4,398 Shrimp 144,200 5,435 Crabs 47,400 1,185 Terrapin 26,552 4,690 Turtle 17,725 1,024 Quahogs or clams 1226,152 12,090 Scallops if 18,000 800 Oysters §5,650,820 175,567 Total 51,799,142 11,027,669 *Number, 1,612,594. **N umber, 1,747. f Weight of edible part; represents 28,269 bushels. ^Weight of edible part; represents 4,000 bushels. §Weight of edible part; represents 807,260 bushels. Commercial Fisheries. 147 In the third table, the quantities and values of each of the impor- tant objects of capture are shown. All products are reduced to the common unit of a pound in order that the full extent of this phase of the industry may be given in one summary. The basis for the principal reductions is explained in a foot-note to the table. It is seen that 51,799,142 pounds were taken, with a value of $1,027,669. The objects of fisheries ma}- be systematically grouped as follows to show the importance of the different classes represented: — Ct,ASS. Mammals $ 4,398 Fishes 822,480 Reptiles 5,714 Crustaceans 6,620 Mollusks 188,457 Total 11,027,669 The most important single product of the North Carolina fisheries is the shad, the value of which was $306,015; this sum was considerably in excess of the selling prices of the next important species, the oyster, which was $175,567. The alewives, locally called herring, had a value of $164,636, after which the principal species were mullet, worth $113,414; squeteague, locally called trout, worth $48,856; bluefish, worth $33,603; and striped bass, worth $32,138. The other products are relatively unimportant. A knowledge of the relative and actual effectiveness of the different forms of apparatus emploj'-ed in the fisheries is of great practical advantage to the fishermen. The seine is the form of apparatus that takes the largest amount of fish and yields the greatest money returns. In 1890, 17,984,830 pounds of fish, valued at $401,036, were caught in this way. The seine fisheries of the Albemarle section are more important than those of any other part of the State, and it is probable that the number of large shad seines there operated is greater than elsewhere in the United States. The counties bordering on the sound and its tributaries, which maintain the most valuable seine fisheries are Chowan and Bertie. In that portion of Dare county bordering on Croatan sound, there are also important seine fisheries. In Pamlico sound, Beaufort and Craven counties have valuable fisheries of this kind. Carteret county leads all others in the value of its seine fisheries, the sales of fish amounting to $86,195; Dare, the next important county, followed with $52,111; after which came Bertie, Chowan, Craven, Currituck, Onslow and Beaufort counties. 148 North Carolina and its Resources. Next to the seine, the pound net is the most productive means of capture, although the value of the catch is less than that of the gill nets; thus 8,282,562 pounds of fish valued at $123,606, were taken. Few changes in the fisheries of the State during the past decade have been more remarkable than the large increase in the number of pound nets. In 1880, only one hundred and seventeen such nets were set in the State, while in i8go, there were nine hundred and fifty. The pound-nets are most numerous in the Albemarle region, but are also employed in the other sounds, and the rivers emptjang into them. This form of net was introduced into Albemarle sound in 1870, since which time it has exerted a marked influence on the development of the fisheries, by supplanting to a greater or less extent the older types of apparatus because of its greater cheapness and efficiency. Gill nets take somewhat smaller quantities of fish than pound- nets, but the catch has a greater value, owing chiefly to the large numbers of shad secured which have a relatively high valuation. Considerably more than half the shad credited to the State are taken in gill nets, the catch being 3,348,577 pounds, valued at $175,388. Gill nets are most numerous in Dare county, in which the gill-net catch is far more valuable than in all the remaining counties combined, this prominence being due to the enormous quantities of shad taken. Carteret and Onslow counties rank next in importance, the principal part of the catch being marine species. Of the remaining forms of apparatus used in the capture of fish, lines are the most prominent, although when compared with seines, pound nets and gill nets, they are insignificant. Line fishing on a commercial basis is followed only in Onslow, New Hanover, and Sampson counties, and quantities of fish taken are small. The aggregate catch v^ras 380,375 pounds, having a value of $13,003, the principal species being hogfish and squeteague. Skim nets are used in greatest numbers on the Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse rivers in the capture of shad and alewives. In 1890, 247,148 pounds of fish, worth $10,581, were taken by this means. Kel pots are sparingly employed in four counties— Currituck, Dare, Hyde, and Beaufort — and their use appears to be increasing, especially in Dare county. Pots took 153,415 pounds of eels, for which the fishermen received $9,222. Fyke nets are the only remaining apparatus used commercially in taking fish, and these are only sparingly employed in Dare and Sampson counties, where they catch small quantities of catfish, mullet, perch, red horse, sheepshead, striped bass, and squeteague. The total yield was 24,885 pounds, valued at $716. Commercial Fisheries. 149 The porpoise industry and the fisherj- which it supports are of less extent than formerly, owing to the diminished inducements offered to the fisherman by the low prices received for the raw products. In 1890, only two firms were engaged in handling the porpoises, in preparing their hides, and in trying out their oil. The number of porpoises killed was 1,747, for which the fishermen received ^54,398. The resulting manufactured products were valued at $10,350. North Carolina is the most southern State in which the menhaden fishery and industry are carried on. The fishery may be said to be the only one except that for oysters in which vessels are employed, and it is the only off-shore vessel fishery in the State, although a considerable part of the fish handled, are caught in the sounds adja- cent to the ocean and not in the ocean itself. The business is centered at or in the vicinity of Beaufort, where six factories were in operation in 1890. The capital invested in buildings, vessels, apparatus, etc., was $97,060, the number of persons employed was one hundred and eighty-seven, the value of the fish handled was $16,171, and the value of the manufactured products was $38,727. Most of the matter in the foregoing sketch was prepared by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, of the division of fisheries, from data obtained in an investigation of the fishing industries of North Carolina by the U. S. Fish Commission. Valuable information on certain features has also been furnished by Mr. S. G. Worth, formerly Superintendent of Fisheries in North Carolina, and now an ofiicer of the National Commission. Dr. W. R. Capehart, of Avoca, Bertie count}-, the third of his direct generation engaged in commercial fishing, in a letter dated March, 1896, says: "In the Albemarle sound and its tributaries, the steam and horse power seines have invested in realty approximately $100,000, and personalty $58,000, and this requires an annual expenditure of about $31,000 to keep up the wear and tear on the above valuations; and it must be born in mind that much of this annual expense is of a very perishable nature, as is the case with all coastal property, especially fishing apparatus. These plants give employment for about two months to one thousand persons, whose combined wages for this brief period aggre- gate $40,000. A few competent seine riggers and menders find a few months additional employment each 3'ear, which swells the above wage account about $5,000 more. The approximate annual value of the catch in seines for the terri- tory under discussion, is $176,000. This includes the iced fish 150 North Carolina and its Resources. shipped in boxes to northern markets, and twenty thousand barrels of salt fish, valued at $82,000, v>^hich are sold almost exclusively ia this and adjoining states. The scrap and waste from these seine fisheries is converted into fertilizing material, and gives an additional |8,ooo to the annual value. Bear in mind that all of the above refers to seine fishing alone in the Albemarle sound and its tributaries. Now we come to pound or dutch nets, which will be considered for the same territory exclusively. As compared with seines this comprises by far the greater quantity of material. There are no less than 1,125 of these pound nets spread in the waters of the sound and its tributaries, which give employment to about 1,200 persons, with combined wages for the season of no less than $42,000. To give very briefly some idea of the cost of putting in this number of pound nets, it will not be amiss to state a few of the items. About one hundred and twenty-five boats valued at $15,625 are employed; about 32.000 pine poles, from fifteen to thirty-five feet in length are required, and cost in the aggregate $5,500; no less than 265,000 yards of netting (twelve to twenty-four feet in depth), is used and at a cost of $110,800. The output from these 1,125 pound nets may be summarized as follows: 7,900 boxes (iced) fish, mostly shad, and 40,500,000 fish, mostly herring. The iced fish are worth about $85,000, and the others $140,000. Thus it will be seen that from these two sources alone — seines and pound nets — that no less than $387,925 are invested in the fisheries, apparatus, and in the annual wages paid, and that the value of the catch approximates $409,000. And there are no less than 2,200 persons employed in prosecuting the work. There is no room to make mention of the other forms of apparatus or the resulting catch from them, except to a comparatively new departure in one branch of the fishing industry. I refer to the stur- geon fishing, now conducted almost exclusively for the roe sturgeon, which are valued for the large roe. This roe is converted by a very simple process — the application of German salt in a particular propor- tion— into a relish of much popularity in Germany and Russia, known as caviar. This caviar is packed into oak kegs or kits holding one hundred and twenty pounds each and shipped via New York to the foreign destinations referred to. The product is worth thirty three and one-third cents per pound at present, and the price is rather upward than otherwise in its tendency. There are more than a hundred boats and over tv/o hundred and fifty persons employed in the prosecution of this branch of fishing. Commercial Fisheries. 151 The increase in the volume of business done on the Albemarle and its tributaries may be briefly summarized by these facts recently obtained from transportation companies. From 1882 to 1892 — ten years — the increase of iced fish shipped was from 13,700 to 23,900 boxes. From 1892 to January, i8q6, the shipments have climbed to 42,400." Very respectfully, W. R. Capehart. Comparing Dr. Capehart's later data with that of the United States Fish Commission for 1890, it will be observed that the Albemarle Sound and its tributaries present a most remarkable increase. In round numbers the 1895 value of the catch there is vei/ nearly equal to four-fifths of the total value of the catch for the State at large for the former year: Source of Catch. 1890: Value of Catch; 1895: Value of Catch; State at Large. Albemarle Sound and tributaries. Seines $401,036 |i84,ooo Pound Nets 123,606 .^25,000 Total... $524,642 $409,000 If the increase in the whole State has kept pace with that of the Albemarle sound, the value of the 1895 catch must have reached the two-million dollar mark. SHELLFISH. In the saline waters of North Carolina abound oysters, clams, scallops, crabs, shrimp, and diamond-back terrapin, in perfection of flavor. In commercial importance the orster is of far greater value than all the others combined, and will be treated accordingly in what follows. The abundance in which oysters were found along the Atlantic coast of the United States, and their superior excellence, made them at once, upon the settlement of the country along the waters which pro- vided them, an article both of subsistence and luxury. With the increase of interior population and the provision of quick and ready means of transportation, the use of tliem was enormously enlarged, and the distribution of them, in all the forms of use, became co-ex- tensive with the American continent, and was not confined to that broad area, for Europe, in the diminution of its own supplies, and also in its recognition of the superiority of the American oyster, has been for a number of years a large consumer. The consequence is the depletion of many grounds once regarded as inexhaustible, the dimi- 152 North Carolina and its Resources. nution in other waters where diminution seemed impossible, followed by the assertion of local rights, attempts at the exclusion of invading trespassers, contention, bloodshed; iinally legislative action and the effort to define rights by lawj with power to assert and secure them by force; and all this made necessary because human nature knows no moderation in the use of the abundant free gifts of Providence, or in the attainment of that which leads to competency or wealth. The attempt to retrace the steps of past waste and neglect is what invariably follows in locking the stable door after the horse has gone — vain regrets and fruitless self-reproach. All the deep research of science, all the costly experiments of artificial breeding, all the labor of planting new territory of waters, will not bring back to Con- necticut, New York, Mar3dand and Virginia the store they wasted and the abundance they so universally squandered. It happens that there remains one treasure-house not yet plundered, one great water granary whose doors are not yet thrown wide open. North Carolina, overlooked and despised in the Eldorado of the Chesapeake, now, when the glories of the latter are fading, is found to possess what, with prudence, patience, legislative wisdom and local self-control, may be converted into a field quite as prolific as the once teeming oyster waters of Marj-land and Virginia. Its sounds, its bays and its creeks, extending along the coast for hundreds of miles, give promise of natural conditions that will assure in time as large a product as ever existed in other waters. Some of these North Carolina waters are too much freshened by the influx of fresh- water rivers to have been the habitat of i]iQ. native oyster, or to be made available as beds for artificial culture; but in all the other waters which exist in the largest proportion, to which the salt waters of the ocean have ready access, the native oyster has always been found, and of great excellence. In the depletion of the oyster grounds of the Chesapeake and other waters, the enterprise of the oystermen of those localities was on the alert to save their industries from ruin, and the invasion of the North Carolina waters was rewarded with the discovery of a large relatively untried area. To check what threatened to effect here what had been done elsewhere, and to secure the people of North Carolina in the possession of their rights, the aid of legisla- tion was earnestly invoked. One of the first decisive steps taken was the enactment of a law. ratified March ii, 1885, directing the State Board of Agriculture to cause a survey to be made, both of natural 03'ster-beds and private oyster gardens, with reference to the culture o£ shellfish. Under the act, the Governor was requested to ask the Federal Government to Shellfish. 153 detail some person in the public service, expert in such matters, to make the necessary surveys. In compliance with the request Lieut. Francis Winslow, U. S. N., was detailed. He has made two reports, extracts from which are here made. In his first report he says the waters subject to the jurisdiction of North Carolina, consist mainly of twelve sounds, extending along the coast and connected with each other from the Virginia line in Lat. 36° 33' W. to the Cape Fear river in I^at. 34° 53' W. These sounds are Currituck, Albemarle, Roanoke, Croatan, Pamlico, Core, Bogue, Stump, Topsail, Middle, Masonboro and Myrtle, and four estuaries known as Bogue, Bear, Brown and New inlets. The harbor of Beaufort and the mouth of the Cape Fear river form other inlets. Some of these sounds, such as Albemarle and Currituck, being princi- pally fresh water, are excluded from the consideration of oyster culture. Albemarle Sound receives the waters of several large rivers, and contains within its own limits 5,631,400,000 tons of fresh water. The other waters are all suitable to the growth of the oyster in its native beds, or for its propagation by planting, I^ieutenant Winslow says in his second report: 'Since the survey has been in progress, knowledge of the possi- bilities of the locality and of the business has become diffused among the citizens, not only of North Carolina, but of other States, and the effect has been to induce a large number of people to enter grounds. In Dare county, forty-three entries have been made, comprising at least twent5'-six thousand acres. In Hyde county, three hundred and thirty-nine entries have been made comprising fully twenty-six thousand acres; and in Carteret County, ninety entries, com- prising nine hundred acres. Of these entries sixty-eight are by residents of other States, and four hundred and four by residents of North Carolina. Entries are still being made and warrants for sur_ veys are still coming in, and in the course of another year it is quite possible that the territory may be doubled. But, as it is, an aggregate of fifty-three thousand acres entered is a sufficiently gratifying indica- tion of the value of the survey and of the legislation it brought about- The cultivation of this immense tract will require a great deal of time, money and labor. Thousands of people must be employed and hundreds of thousands of dollars spent. But every dollar so expended goes to increase the material wealth of the State, and the employment of every man insures additional comforts and conveniencies to the families of the citizens of the seaboard counties. It is with pleasure that I have noted that one of the first, if not the first, to venture in this new field, is a citizen of Hyde county, who is reported to have 154 North Carolina and its Resources. abandoned a profitable lumber business for the purpose of engaging in oyster growing, and who has, I understand, the intention of making- as his original outlay a sum about equal to the total value, prior to 1886, of the whole oyster industry of the State. The natural beds have not only been defined and located, but under the recent law much additional area adjacent to them has been set apart and excepted from entry. These areas are the public grounds, and by law they include the natural beds and sufficient area adjacent and surrounding them, to provide for their natural expan- sion. The provision for allowance for natural expansion has been liberally construed, as will be seen by the following summary of the areas of the natural beds and public grounds: Area Area County. Public Grounds. Natural Beds. Dare 4,604.16 2,118.25 Hyde 6,891.94 1,642.90 Pamlico 4,495.61 437-00 Carteret 4,561.40 1,012.50 Total 20,553.11 5,210.65 Or the area of the public grounds exceeds that of the natural beds t>y 15)343 acres. The natural beds of that portion of the State not under the operation of the new law comprise 3,381 acres; or the total acreage of natural beds is 8,591. The area reserved for the common fishery is thus ample for all time to come, and as these areas are excepted from entry, and as they include the natural beds, not only is an entry or appropriation of a natural bed prevented, but no person can, practically, enter near ? natural bed. At the same time, as the grounds open to the general fishery are defined and knov^^n, the private cultivator is free from depredation under guise of the exercise of the common right of fishery. Thus the source of complaint of all classes interested is removed. The area entered will bring into the State Treasury over $12,000, a net gain over the entire expenses of over $7,000, and the taxes that eventually accrue to the counties and State may amount in the course of a comparatively few years to fully $10,000 per annum." lyCgislation is now ample, if enforced, to protect and promote the oyster interests of the State. It is unlawful to use any instrument but hand-tongs to take oysters from State grounds, violation of which is indictable as a misdemeanor. Only residents of the State are permitted to use instruments or boats upon State grounds; and non- residents, upon conviction of violation of this provision, are to be fined not less than $500, or be confined in the county jail, to be hired out by the < Z O U CO cc; O Agriculture. 155 Commissioners of the county for a term not less than one year. Resi- dents must obtain a license for the use of boats, and individuals desir- ing to catch oysters, whether on their own account or that of employers, must take out from the Clerk of the Court an annual license, paying for the same $2.50 and a Clerk's fee of twenty-five cents, and must make oath that he has been a bona fide resident of the State for twelve months next preceding the application for license. Oysters are to be culled on the public grounds when taken, and oysters of a specified size are to be returned to the waters on the public grounds. Oysters must not be taken from the public grounds between the first day of May and the first day of October. The control of the oyster interest is placed under charge of one Chief Commissioner, to be appointed by the Governor, and to hold office; and, to enable the Commissioner to dis- charge his duties of visiting the grounds and repelling and capturing interlopers, a patrol boat is provided, with authority to use arms when necessary. The oysters taken at the different points in the sounds and estu- aries vary much in size, shape and flavor. The New river oysters are much prized for size and flavor, and are probably the best known abroad. But the markets of Wilmington, Newbern, Washington and other points are supplied from their various oyster grounds with a shellfish of a quality not inferior to those taken at New river. With the care in cultivation, and the protection given by law, it is only a question of time v/hen the waters of North Carolina will yield as abundantly as the waters of the Chesapeake have done, and, in quality of the oyster, with no inferiority. The diamond-back terrapin is found in all the coast country, a delicacy in such demand and of such value as to have become the sub- ject of legislative protection and of artificial cultivation. Clams abound, and are now recognized as valuable members of the family of shellfish. They are shipped in large quantities from Newbern, Morehead City, and many other points. The same may be said of scallops, soft-shell crabs and shrimp. These delicacies are abundant and find ready sale both in local and distant markets AGRICULTURE. "Every part of North Carolina has some one thing That will make it distinctly a great section." A. K. McClurE. The geographical position of the State, occupying a common ground between the sub -tropical growth of the South and the more 156 North Caroi^ina and its Rksourcss. liardy products of northern latitudes, and its geological formation, rising from a level with the sea on the east, through every degree of increasing elevation to the mountains of the west, where Mitchell rears his supreme summit, unite in the production of greater varieties of minerals, of forest, of flora and of agricultural products than are to be found in any like amount of territory in the United States. The palmetto, the magnolia and the live-oak are at home in the coast region, while among the mountains of the west the sugar- maple, the hemlock and white pines, the tamarack, balsam and rho- dodendron find congenial soil and climate for perfect development. "In the first case depression of level has associated the eastern section with the influences of the tropics; in the other the elevation has thrust it into association with Canadian atmospheric conditions. It will be readily understood, then, what a broad and fruitful field North Caro- lina presents, between the extremes presented, for the profitable cul- ture of nearly all the field crops, vegetables and fruits grown in the United States — the rice of the coast and the buckwheat of the moun- tains; the cotton of the South and the flax of New England, the corn, the wheat, the rye and the oats, the potatoes, peas, sorghum, the tobacco, vegetables, fruits, grapes, grasses, everything, — which, if North Carolina knew herself, and if the stranger knew her as she ought to be known, would make her the most coveted and most prosperous country on which the sun sheds his fertilizing beams." This great variety and abundance of resources of different sec- tions of the State not only might supplj' the wants of her own people but tend to stimulate and exchange among themselves of their sur- plus products, securing thereby better prices by the saving of freights over long lines of transportation. While, therefore. North Carolina may not compete with some of the other great agricultural states in such special product as each may excel in, yet combining the variety and universality of produc- tion, the capacity for self- sustenance, the "some one thing" that each section excels in; and added to these things the healthfulness and pleasantness of the climate, the beauty of the landscape, the hospital- ity of the '^ople; the assertion is boldly and confidently made that she surpa. ..:iS all the others. The soil of the eastern counties is mostly of alluvial formation, and remarkably easy of cultivation; cotton, corn, tobacco, peanuts, sweet and Irish potatoes vie with each other in making generous response to intelligent and kindly treatment of the soil; while stone fruits and pears, small fruits and garden products attest its almost } Agriculture. 157 universal adaptation to all agricultural productions for the susten- ance of mankind. It is in the eastern counties where the trucking industry has , reached its highest development, rapidly increasing its productions from small beginnings, some ten years ago, to its present great com- mercial value. Here is the natural home of the sweet potato. North Carolina excelling all other states in the quantity and quality of its product. The Coastal Plain region gradually merges into the Piedmont Plateau, the divisional line between which may be said in a general way to transverse the State from northeast to southwest, passing a little east of Raleigh, the capital of the State; the Piedmont extend- ing westwardly from this line to a tier of counties, bordering the Blue Ridge, where the Mountain region fairly begins. The Piedmont is that favored region where blend harmoniously the climate, soil and products of the east and the west, the north and the south; where the invalid seeking a soft but invigorating climate, where the farmer in search of land that never fails to make a return of the kindly fruits of the earth, where the vineyardist and orchardist whose products most excel, where the stock breeder and dairyman who need positive con- ditions for success, where the tobacco planter, determined with his "brights" to top the market, may each come and may each find a locality with conditions to meet his especial needs. To the westward lies the Mountain region, an elevated plateau, broken into chains and spurs of mountains and alternating valleys. No great surplus of valuable crops finds its way to distant markets from this region; few big farms require the labor of many hands; but the conditions excel for the industrious farmer, who may here sur- round himself with all those products of comfort and luxury which constitute an "independent living," corn, wheat, rye, oats, hay, Irish potatoes, apples, sorghum, buckwheat, butter, cheese, milk, honey and numerous vegetables. The field is a wide one for growing the finest v/inter apples; for dairy products, for vegetable growing, and for canning establishments. The uncleared mountains and hills grow heavy forests of valuable trees, their soil being equal if not superior to that of the valleys. This is that ' 'L,and of the Sky, ' ' written of in poetry and romance ; the home of a brave, truehearted and kindly people; the paradise alike of the millionaire and the peasant — whose soft beauty and rugged grandeur are a perpetual joy and inspiration. Who, standing on the proud summit of Mount Mitchell and con- templating all the goodly State spread out before him, will not 158 North Carolina and its Resources. exclaim with the Hon. W. D. Kelly, of Pennsylvania: "North Caro- lina is the fairest portion of God's earth on which my feet have ever rested." COTTON. North Carolina has never been among the foremost of the cotton growing States, for although nearly all of the ninety-six counties of the State make report of the crop in the census tables, as a matter of fact, more than one-half the cotton producing area is confined to twenty-eight counties. Nor have the farmers of this cotton section been so dependent on the planting of cotton, that they might not readily increase or diminish production by adoption of other crops to correspond with ruling prices in the markets of the world; hence, as should be expected, the statistics, such as were made from 1801 to 1840, when crop returns were first enumerated in the census reports, and the census reports from 1840 to 1890, all show that the cotton production of the State has been marked by greater fluctuations than that of any other State. The following table indicates the variable- ness of production, and gives the total products at different periods in the State's history: Year. Pounds. Baizes. 1801 4,000,000 1821 10,000,000 1826 18,000,000 1833 10,000,000 1839, Census 51,926,190 1849, " 29,538,000 1859. " 64,753,730 1869, " 62,901,790 1879, " 176,487,894 389-598 1889, " 160,396,497 336,261 1895, Dept. of Agriculture 339)499 This fluctuation in production is undoubtedly due to variation in price, and to the ready adaptability of the soil to grow such other crops as corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, rice, hay, &c., which has wisely limited the production of cotton in large quantities to those counties where it is grown with greater profit. Even in these, the cotton acre- age comprises but a small proportion of the total area. While the average yield of cotton is shown to be less, a bale to the acre and twenty bales to the mule are not uncommon. This indeed, might be the rule under a wise system of rotation and a judi- cious use of fertilizers and leguminous crops. The quality of the fibre grown is excellent, the proportion of lint to weight of seed being larger than the product of any other State Cotton. 159 Of the seed product, 70,341 tons are reported in the census of 1890, valued at $718,741 — no inconsiderable item in the value of the crop. But as the best cotton yields only about thirty-three per cent, of lint, evidently the tons of seed reported to a crop of over 336,000 bales, were less than half the actual product, which was in the neighborhood of 160,000 tons. The amount reported represented probably the sales, the balance going into home consumption. Compared with other States, North Carolina stands eighth in amount of production. "Neither as a whole, nor in any considerable portion of its area, is the cotton production of North Carolina distin- guished for its density. Of the entire land surface of the State, 3.69 per cent, was devoted to cotton planting in 1889, or little more than one-third the proportion obtaining in the adjacent State of South Carolina." (Extract Census, 1890.) The counties producing the largest number of bales are, in descending order of production, Mecklenburg, Wake, Richmond, Robeson, Johnston, Edgecombe, Pitt, Wayne, Wilson, Anson, Cleve- land and Union TOBACCO. The easy adaptability of the soil of North Carolina elsewhere commented upon, and the increase or decrease in the production of different crops to fit the varjdng conditions of the markets, is not better illustrated than in the rapid and enormous enlargement of the tobacco area and product, as cotton, the other great money producing crop of the State, has been steadily declining in value. These two great crops may be considered correlative to each other, that one being predominant which for the time returns the greater remuneration. The price of cotton declining, tobacco remaining firm, cotton planting is curtailed, tobacco acreage increased. Should the reverse in prices occur, cotton would again increase and tobacco planting decline. This rule cannot apply to all the cotton district, nor to all the tobacco district, but a large scope of territory is common to the production of both crops, and it is this common ground which gives the preponder- ance to the one or the other. Nearly all the counties in the State raise tobacco, in patches for home consumption, if not for market; but the crop for market pur- poses was confined, as shown by the census of 1890, chiefly to thirty counties. Of these thirt)^ only eleven are accredited with over a million pounds, and these eleven counties produced two-thirds of the crop of '89. These are, in descending order of production : Rocking- ham, Granville, Stokes, Caswell, Person, Madison, Vance, Forsyth, Buncombe, Surry and Durham. i6o NoKTH Carolina and its Resources. The following table shows the production for the State at lar»ge as given in the census reports since 1850: Acres. Pounds. 1850 11,984,786 i860 , 32,853,250 1870 11,150,087 1880 57,208 26,986,213 1890 97,077 36,375,258 Since the census report of 1890 was taken, the decline in price of cotton has greatly stimulated the production of tobacco in the counties of Wilson, Nash, Edgecombe, Green, Lenoir, Beaufort, Pitt, Wash- ington, Franklin, Wayne, Wake, Martin, Bertie and Halifax. Some of these are now in the front rank of the tobacco producing counties of the State, both in quantity and quality of the product. Col. Cameron in his admirable treatise on tobacco, in the Hand- book of North Carolina, issued in 1893, discredits the correctness of the census report of the crop of 1889, and in support of his position quotes from a very carefully prepared address of Mr. W. W. Wood, President of the State Tobacco Association, made to that body in August, 1891. Col. Cameron exonerates the enumerators of the cen- sus from carelessness or intentional error, and explains the discrepancy of their reports with the actual amount of production. Mr. Wood makes his estimates from entirely different sources, and reaches the conclusion that the crop amounted to 76,000,000 pounds. That Mr. Wood's estimate was none too large, and showing also the enormous increase in production during the past six years, the highest possible confirmation is now adduced. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, working carefully and con- stantly through its different agencies, is the most reliable authority on crop productions of any in the United States. The crop report for March, 1896, saj^s: "Between 1888 and 1893, no returns of tobacco were published by the department, and a comparison of the figures for recent crops with those of receipts for manufacture and net exports, published by the Treasury, leaves ample room for a suspicion that the whole pro- duct was at no time reported. The correspondents' returns of 3d eld and acreage compared with the j-ear before, appearing in the monthly statistical reports for 1895, having been found to give a total product considerably less than that actually brought to light in previous years, the statistician instituted in December a special investigation of the subject, a circular of additional inquiries being sent to all the tobacco producing States. The results of that investigation are embodied in Tobacco. the following table, where the column showing farm values was com- puted from the prices reported in December, 1895. In most of the States where an increase appears a correction of last year's acreage is probably involved. North Carolina, however, with more than double the acreage and product reported in 1894, plainly shows the stimulus of local manufacture. The loss to the crop was severe in Virginia and in the mountain region of North Carolina:" Acres. Pounds. Doli^ars. Connecticut 6,579 9,928,000 1,638,120 Pennsylvania 15,600 14,305,000 1,058,570 Maryland. 15,233 12,796,000 742,168 Virginia 88,463 53,432,000 4,274,560 North Carolina. . . 143,156 114,525,000 10,5^6,300 Tennessee 53,890 43,220,000 3,025,400 Kentucky 223,574 179,553,000 9,526,909 Ohio 35,969 25,358,000 1,318,613 Indiana I3,435 8,760,000 770,080 Missouri 10,580 8,718,000 758,466 The statistics here given demonstrate the wonderful suitableness of certain sections of the State to the growth of tobacco. Standing sixth in point of production in 1879, fourth in 1889, in 1895 North Carolina forges ahead and stands second to Kentucky only in amoimt of production, and first of all the States 2>z the value of her product, exceeding Kentucky by over one million dollars. An analysis of the figures show an average production of the State at large of eight hundred pounds per acre, worth nine and one- fifth cents per pound, giving the average value of yield per acre of $73.60. With the exception or I^ouisiana, whose product of sugar and molasses does not exceed in value per acre, no other State can approach, in agricultural product, the record here made of North Carolina's crop of tobacco. When it is considered that the bulk of a tobacco crop is neces- sarily of inferior grades, the superiority of our " brights " and "mahoganies" becomes apparent, which increase the average value to nine and one-fifth cents per pound, and to $73.60 per acre. To quote again from Mr. Wood's admirable paper: "Within her borders is produced such a variety of high grade leaf, and in such quantities as is nowhere else to be found the world over. Upon her high type of cutting leaf, the great cigarrette business of the world w^as built up. Her unsurpassed smokers, produced in the "Golden Belt," placed her granulated smoking 11 i62 North Carolina and its Resources. tobacco at a premium over all others in the world. Her mahogauy types of fillers and wrappers, are bj^ chewers of tobacco, every- where preferred before all ethers." Historians tell us that the cultivation of rice dates back to nearly three thousand years B. C, and though it is indigenous to India, the first mention of its culture is among the Chinese. It was cultivated in Syria, four hundred years B. C, was introduced by the Arabs into Spain, and the fifteenth century, was planted by the Italians. The first rice raised in America was at Charleston, S. C, in the seventeenth century, and from that beginning sprang the rice crop of the present. Before the introduction of rice into this State, in 1738, the tide-water low lands were seeded to indigo, which gradually gave place to the more remunerative crop. Wild indigo still troubles the rice miller more than all other weeds, as its discoloring effect upon the cleaned product is disastrous. There are two varieties of rice, the white and the golden seed, both have adherents as to superiority. PJce can be grown upon all lands, but to be successful on an exten- sive scale, there should be proper facilities for irrigating the crop at its critical periods. The upland rice is inferior in size, color and weight, but makes an additional food crop under careful treatment. The benefits derived from water in the cultivation of rice are many, the most important perhaps being the destruction of grass and weeds, and it also destroys some pestiferous insects. The water is also necessary when the grain begins to fill and the rice to ripen. Drainage is as necessary as irrigation. The whole qnestiou of water must be so handled as to be under the complete control of the planter; while rice is a water plant, it may be easily killed with too much water. The rice lands of the lower Cape Fear river, are as fertile as any in the world, and will yield from fift}' to sixty bushels to the acre, though the average is considerably less. From two and a half to three bushels are seeded to the acre. To prevent floating, the seed are claj^ed by the use of clay and water, and then dried before sown. As soon as sown, the fields are flooded. This is the " spring flow " and remains until the plant is up, then drained and kept dry until the rice shows distinctlj^ over the entire field, when it is again flooded with the " stretch flow," which covers the plant entirely and remains for some days, when the water is drawn to a " stand," that is, enough is taken off to allow the tips of the plants to show on the surface of the water. This ' ' stand ' ' of water remains until the plant has had time to regain the strength of stalk lost in the "stretch" flow, and The Peanut. 163 the plant will strr.'ghteii up within twenty days, when all the water is taken off and the fields kept dry for a like period. Then the "harvest flow" is turned on, and remains for about two months, or within a few days before the Imrvest begins. On August 20th, never varying more three days, the multitudinous rice bird puts in his appearance. They come in such vast flocks that men and boys with guns must be stationed at intervals in and around the fields to prevent the destruction of the crop. Six weeks after the appearance of the first head of rice, the crop is ready for harvest. A sickle is used, the laborers are paid by the acre for cutting and tying into bundles- After one day's exposure it is shocked in the field, and after ten days it is ready for the barn. The threshing is done by steam, and the grain, weighing forty-five pounds to the bushel, is shipped in bags and sold to the miller, who cleans and grades it for consumption. To Mr. Fred. Kidder, of Wilmington, must be given the credit for this article. He is a practical rice planter and has been among the most successful in this State. In North Carolina there are about 12,200 acres devoted to this crop, divided between upland and lowland varieties, and the annual 3'ield is stated at about 6,000,000 pounds. At Wilmington is located the National Rice Milling Company, which handles a large portion of the crops raised in this and adjoining States. At Goldsboro, a similar mill is operated, cleaning upland as v."ell as tide water rice. THE PEANUT. It is said that the peanut (Arachis hypogala) has never been found growing wild, and that botanists have been unable to ascertain its nativit5^ though it is claimed to have originated in Brazil and in India; but it is indigenous to most all tropical countries. It is a very important crop in the United States and occupies considerable atten- tion, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas and Tennessee, where it is grown extensively for the markets. About one-fourth of the area of North Carolina may be said to be especially adapted to the growth of high grade peanuts, though the nut flourishes in ail parts of the State. The region referred to is the northeastern part of the State, where it is grown in large quantities. The annual production for this part of North Carolina may be stated in round numbers at 500,000 bushels, based upon the estimate of the census, which is considered far below the real figures. Peanuts are marketed by "factory-men," that is to say, the nuts after being dug are sold to factories which put them through a slight polishing process and sort out the faulty nuts, when the fancy factory-cleaned product is so labeled, and sold in bags to the trade all 1 64 North Carolina and its Resources. over the world. Not infrequently the following legend adorns the North Carolina nut: " Fancy hand-picked Virginia peanuts." This, however, does not detract from the excellence of the nut, but points out the fact that the factory is over our northern border. There is a movement among our own farmers to introduce cleaning factories and establish brands, which, if accomplished, will greatly stimulate the production as well as increase the prices received by the grower. OTHER IMPORTANT CROPS. Besides the crops referred to somewhat in detail above, the Department of Agriculture at Washington accredits the State with producing in 1895: Of Corn 36,378,412 bushels. " Wheat 4,748,552 " Oats 7.652,333 " Rye 437.599 " Buckwheat ..... 18,624 " Irish Potatoes 1,461,026 " Hay 273,540 tons. For other products not given by the Department of Agriculture for the year 1895, reference must be had again to the census report of 1890. This gives: Of Sweet Potatoes 5,665,391 bushels. " Rice = 5,846,404 pounds. '* Sorghum , 1,268,946 gallons. " Apples 7,591,541 bushels. " Peaches 2,740,915 bushels. As Stated elsewhere the above product of sweet potatoes is the largest reported from any of the States. As evidence of the importance and spread of smaller industries, the following, taken also rrom the census, may be given. It is con- fidently believed that the same rate of increase has been maintained , if not enlarged, during the last six years. Dairy products increased from 7,212,507 lbs. butter in 1880 to 13,129,374 lbs. butter in 1S90; poultry increased from 2,071,616 chickens in 1880 to 7,507,593 chickens in 1890; eggs, from 7.455, 132 doz. to 11,755,635 doz.; honey, from 1,591,590 lbs. to 2,373,560 lbs. Estimated value of all farm products 150,070,530. ^or the last census year. ^^j^^l3^ GLENOE STOCK FARM — NEW RIVER ~ ONSLOW COUNTY. Model Farms. 165 MODEL FARMS. North Carolina being essentially an agricultural State, it is expected that here are to be found numbers of excellent farms, well tilled. The visitor to the State will find in each of the counties some farms which are distinguished for their high state of cultivation and conspicuous because of remarkable yields annually harvested. These occur in most all of the counties, but it is not of these, numerous and profitable as they are, that reference is to be made. It is to a class of farms which may be designated as models, and which are distinguish- able for some special feature, that will receive brief mention here. Beginning in the eastern part of the State, the first that comes under observation is the Glenoe Stock Farm. — The property of Mr. Thos. Mclntyre. It is on New river a few miles below Jacksonville, in Onslow county, and embraces a large tract of level, sandy loam, which is highly improved and is growing all farm products and truck successfully. Besides, its barns are stocked with thorough and trotting-bred horses, Jersey, Holstein and other improved cattle, sheep and swine. It has a large poultry division, embracing all the leading fowls, including ducks, geese and turkej^s. OccoNEECHEE Farm. — This farm is situated in Orange county, near Hillsboro, and is the property of Col. Julian S. Carr, of Durham, and like the above, is a model in its equipment of houses, barns and of stock. Here some of the most noted horses are kept, and the best types of cattle, sheep and swine; also all kinds of poultry. The Duke Farm. — This farm, also in Orange county, is at Uni- versity Station, on the North Carolina branch of the Southern Rail- way system; it is the property of Mr. W. Duke, of Durham, and is a model in its landscape as well as its more practical agricultural feat- ures. The farm has only been in operation a few years under its present ownership, and for so brief a period exhibits remarkable development, and yet onl)' presents a crude picture of its future beauty and usefulness. The locKWEEL Farm. — The Rockwell Dairy farm in Rowan county, at Rockwell PostofBce, may be taken as a type of the dairy farms which are springing up all over the State. This is the property of K. B. C. Hambh-, and comprises a herd of more than a hundred of the choicest Jersey cattle to be found in this country, and the farm is conducted with a view of keeping this herd in typical con- dition. 1 66 North Carolina and its Resources. BILTMORE FARMS. The sections of the Biltmore Estate now devoted to agricultural purposes are, with the exception of the tract known as the Plateau Farm, adjacent to the French Broad and Swannanoa rivers. The farm lands cover the alluvial bottoms and the neighboring hillsides. These bottoms were (fortunately for the present owner) originally too swampy to yield their full fertility to the cultivator. Now, however, they are the most productive portion of the farming lands. This result has been attained by systematic underdraining and deep culti- vation, nearly two hundred miles of drain tile having been laid in the past few years. The hillsides are a typical example of those in the South which have been left to the tender mercies of the "renter." Continuous cropping without anj^ return of fertility, shallow cultiva- tion, and the washing down of the thin top soils, had reduced most of the land — never originally very fertile — to a condition in which the ordinary farmer would have abandoned it to broom-sedge and scrub pines. What it is possible to do with such impoverished soils five years of persistent effort is beginning to show. The introduction of the clovers and cow peas into the rotation wherever possible, deep plowing and subsoiling, together with light yearly applications of manure or bone meal, have increased the returns threefold. The wages paid on these farms are almost double the regular rates, and it is only by securing heavy crops, far above the average, that there ca« be any return for the large expenditure. Nearly all the hillside fields have been seeded down to pasture and the cultivated crops concentrated on the bottoms, where such labor-saving tools as gang-plows, grain and corn harvesters, can be profitably used. Many small farms were included in the purchases under which the estate was acquired. The majority of these were so scattered and remote that the only rational treatment was to replant them with the most suitable forest growths. Other tracts of cleared land w-ere turned over to the landscape gardener to beautify, or were occupied by the constantly growing nursery department. Moreover, the Abor- etum road, tired of its picturesque vv^inding among the hills and creeks comes out into the bottoms, taking in one bold dash some of the finest farming land on the estate. Certain fairly compact bodies of cultivated land, amounting in all to some 1, 800 acres, were retained for cropping, primarily for home supplies, viz: to feed the large number of work mules and horses which were needed for the heavy grading, hauling of material and road building. Manure for landscape planting was also needed, and ,(f' \A- OCCONEECHEE FARM SCENES. BiLTMORE Farms. 167 this was produced by the beef cattle fed on the farms. The Sheep and Ferry farms were at the same time set aside for the production of mutton and pork, but the low price of beef made the cost of the manure too high, and after a year spent in trying to produce 3^2 cent steers profitably, high grade Jersey cows were substituted. The sale of milk and butter from these was satisfactory, since previously all the fancy butter consumed in Asheville had been imported from the West. By the use of well bred Jersey sires on these grades, a good working dairy has been gradually built up. The calls for registered stock, to form or to improve other herds in the South, have been so numerous that it has been decided to meet this demand. During the last twelve months seventy-one head of highly-bred Jerseys have been purchased from four different herds, and it is intended to continue breeding, purchasing and culling out stock, until a herd is established which will be second to none. There are now over two hundred head on the estate, half of which are registered stock. The latest addition to the farms is an extensive Poultry Depart- ment. Its object is twofold. First, the production of broilers, eggs, etc., for the table of the owner; secondly, the improvement of the common barnyard fowl of the South by the introduction of better stock. For nearly a year an expert who acts as judge at the most important exhibitions in the United States and Canada has been com- missioned to purchase the best stock procurable. That he has suc- ceeded in this effort, all will agree who have inspected the pens of Gold and Silver Wyandottes, Barred and White Plymouth Rocks, Ivight Brahmas, Buff Cochin and Indian Games. The hatchings from these pens are promising to make a record at the shows next autumn. In the market gardens a call for high-class vegetables and small fruits has been met (a demand which is heaviest during the Vv'inter months), by the erection of a very complete group of buildings, comprising forcing houses, storage and root houses, office, carpenter- shop, shipping shed, etc. This department is conducting an extended series of tests of the varieties of vegetables and small fruits most suitable to this region. Most of the land is under irrigation, and this system will shortly be extended over the whole thirty acres, making it, with the underdrainage, almost independent of the rain- fall. Every soil found in this section is represented here, from the black muck to red clay and almost pure sand. These buildings, with the sheep-barns on another farm, are the first permanent buildings to be erected for farming purposes. It is hardly necessary to say that they are constructed on the same liberal 1 68 North Carolina and its Resources. scale as everything else on the Estate, of the best and most perma- nent materials, and that they are furnished with all that is known to increase the perfection of the product or lessen the labor of the employee. Nor are those vv^ho have a "sweet tooth" forgotten, for on the west side of the French Broad river, where the sourwood is the thickest and the wild flowers most varied and luxuriant, an apiary has been placed. Here the gentle, golden-hued, Italian bees, of which there are over one hundred colonies, produce delicious honey, both "comb" and "extracted," literallj^ by the ton. A flock of over two hundred Southdown sheep is kept on the Sheep Farm, and supplies mutton and lamb for consumption on the Kstate. This flock will be added to largely, in the near future. From the Ferry Farm, one hundred and forty Berkshire and grade Berkshire swine were last season made into ham, bacon and sausage, all of which has been consumed by employees of the Estate. Onl}^ those branches of agriculture which are best suited to these mountain sections, and the study of which will be of benefit to the neighboring farmer, have been undertaken; no " fancy farming" has been indulged in, nor has anything been done for show. An elaborate system of bookkeeping for each department gives at the end of the month the difference between cost and receipts. This is done with the conviction that experiments are of but little service to the average farmer, unless it can be shown to him by actual figures that improved methods bring improved returns. The work is conducted on so large a scale that some years are still required to bring all departments into running order and to per- fect the whole scheme. When that result is attained every effort will be made to give the public the benefits of experiments, by means of institute meetings, etc., in the hope that some may be encouraged to produce the proverbial two blades of grass where one or none has grown before. In the selection of farm help preference is given to young men, many of whom have already saved sufficient funds to purchase their own farms, and are starting in life with the determination to carry out a system which will yearly give them larger yields, and, there- fore, better homes. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The State Agricultural Society will hold this year, 1896, its thirty-sixth annual fair. It has large and conveniently located grounds near the city of Raleigh; fine half mile track, with ample CO H > < o Horticulture. 169 buildings to cover all classes of exhibits. The society has done much to encourage agriculture, and to promote the raising of fine horses, cattle, sheep and swine. Its annual fairs call together not only the farmers but all classes of our people, for social pleasure and to compare notes and see the progress made in the avocations of farmer, trucker, gardener and fruitgrower. The fair is always held in October. Col. Benehan Cameron is President, and Mr. John Nichols. Secretarv. HORTICULTURE. FRUIT GROWING. North Carolina has such a varied climate, ranging from the Mountain region, with its white pines, hemlocks and firs to the lower edge of the Coastal Plain region where we come within the northern limit of the forest growth of palm trees, that its capacity and adapt- ability for fruit culture is naturally divided into a number of regions. For this purpose we will divide the Coastal Plain region into two sections, the low level country bordering on the ocean and sounds, and extending inland an average of one hundred and twenty-five miles, and the Sand Hill section intervening betvv^een this and the Piedmont Plateau region. This last Plateau we also divide into lower and upper Piedmont, the lower part extends to the line of the Uharrie mountains, Occoneechee hills and Rougemont; the upper from these to the Blue Ridge. The Mountain region we will consider as a whole. For the consideration of the capacity of fruit culture we then make after these general divisions of the State five pomological sections. The Coastal Plain Section is an extensive region of level land at a moderate elevation above the sea. The soil is generally of a sandy nature, interspersed with occasional clay beds, and many wide stretches of black, peaty soil of an almost inexhaustible ferti' y. On the higher sandy lands the peach and plum find congenial homes. It is not as a rule a good apple country, the warm climate and the nature of the soil not being favorable to the apple, but there are very good apples grown in some parts, particularly of the early summer sorts for the Northern markets. But the fruit which thrives here to the greatest perfection of any of the orchard fruits is the pear. Nowhere 170 JNORTH Carolina and its Kesources. else do pears attain such perfection as on the Coastal plain, and nowhere can the culture of this fruit be carried on more profitably with intelligent culture, though the culture at present there is not extensive except in a few localities. Here is the great home of the Scuppernong grape. In all the Coast region this grape attains greater perfection than any where else. It is in fact the native home of this grape and the place from which it has been disseminated. Seedling varieties of the same class of grapes have originated in this favored region. But v/hile the Scuppernong is a russet grape the other varieties are almost invariably black. The finest of these grapes of the Rotundifolia class is the James, from Pitt Co., a grape of the largest size, fully as large as a good sized Damson plum, and decidedly the finest of its class. But it is the strawberry that has made for itself a greater place in the horticulture of the Coastal plain than any other fruit. The soil seems particularly adapted to the growing of the strawberry in the greatest perfection, and the earliness of the climate makes the crop of particular value for northern shipment. The persistent bearing of the strawberry in this section is a source of wonder to all who see it for the first time. In the North, the strawberry season is a short one and soon over, but in this favored region the plants seem to never know when the season is over. Strawberries are commonly found in abundant supply on the tables of growers there the middle of July, from fields which sent the fruit to market the first week in April. Of course the shipping season for the northern markets ceases when the supply north of us becomes plentiful, but strawberries can be had most of the summer in this region. The strawberry business has reached large proportions in the counties of Craven, Lenoir, Wayne, Duplin, Pender, New Hanover, and Columbus, and is one of the most rapidly growing interests along the Atlantic Coast Line railroad. Blackberries do equally well though there has not been so much attention paid to their culture. The Lucretia dewberry, which can be shipped from this section in May has been found to be very profitable and its culture as well as that of the high bush varieties is extending. Raspberries have not been cultivated to much extent, as they are found not to ship so well long distances. Cherries, except the Morello and Duke classes do not thrive well in the Coastal region. The Chinese quince and the fine variety known as the Champion, which does not do very well at the North, would be found profitable fruits here. ^r-" i^ jy-/^, Fruit Growing. 171 The Sand Hili. Section. — This is the beginning of the great sandy ridge that extends in a southwest direction from North Carolina, through South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, lyouisiana and terminates in Texas. It extends in this State through parts of the counties of Harnett, Cumberland, Moore and Richmond, and is a well marked line of division between the Coastal plain and the lower Piedmont regions. It is a region of elevated sandy ridges, covered with a growth of long leaf pine, now in most sections very largely depleted by the operations of the turpen- tine gatherers and the lumbermen, which is being followed by a growth of scrub oaks of various species. Until recent years it has been a wild forest with little attempt to cultivate the apparently barren soil. The dry soil and the balmy climate have of late years attracted attention to the region as a v/inter resort for persons afflicted with diseases of the throat and lungs, and the great benefit which has been received by many who have come there for their health, has led to permanent settlements of Northern people at Southern Pines and Pinehurst in Moore county. These settlers began to experiment with the cultivation of the soil, and it was found that this apparently barren soil has a wonderful capacity for the cultivation of fruits of various kinds, particularly the grape, peach and blackberry. About the settlement know as Southern Pines, it is estimated that there are now about one thousand acres planted in grapes. These are grown entirely for shipping as fresh fruit to the northern markets, in July and August, though some experiments have been made in wine making. Grapes start from this section about the middle of July and the cul- ture has been found remunerative to those who have given their vineyards proper attention. The Delaware and Niagara grapes grown here are noted as the best that reach the northern markets. More recently the peach has been planted. One orchard of three hundred and fifty acres paid in the fourth year, a profit of twenty per cent, on its cost in its first crop, and peaches are being planted more exten- sively than any other fruit; several hundred acres being set out the present spring (1896). The blackberry, mainly the Wilson Early variety, has been largely planted, and as the fruit reaches the northern market before strawberries are ripe they have been very profitable. Some have grown the lyucretia dewberry, which goes to market the last of May, and it has been found to be particularly profitable. Few experiments have been made here with straw- berries, but there is evidence that in proper locations they will be a very profitable crop. It is believed that other fruits can be grown equally well here, such as the Japanese and American plums, and -172 North Carolina and its Resources. some planting has been done. The State Horticultural Society in connection with and under the supervision of the N. C. Agricultural Experiment Station, has organized an extensive series of experiments with fertilizers on fruits of various kinds and vegetables which it is hoped will develop results of value to this section. At present it seems to be the peach and grape region par excellence of the State. The low price of land, and the ease with which it can be placed under cultivation, together with the healthy climate and splendid water, are attracting a class of intelligent settlers from the North, and the coun- try will soon become a community of fruit growers. It is elevated above the humid climate ot the coast from five hundred to six hun- dred feet, while the winter climate is warmer than that of the Mountain region and the dry air is very soothing to invalids, who can spend nearly all the winter in the open air. As intimated, the peach thrives in the Sand Hill region as well as the grape, and the development of the culture of this fruit has of late outstripped even the grape there. The most notable orchard there is that owned by the J. Van Lindley Company, near Southern Pines. This Company has now in bearing over three hundred and fifty acres in peaches, and has extended its planting the present spring (1896), to the extent of about one hundred acres more. The inten- tion is to make the orchard finally cover one thousand acres. The crop from this orchard, in 1895, was the first crop from the trees, and is said to have paid twenty per cent, on the investment on the whole tract of over one thousand acres. The same Company has planted about ten thousand pear trees, which are in a flourishing con- dition, but not as yet in a bearing state. The success of this large peach orchard has greatly stimulated the planting of trees in the Sand Hill country, and the available land in the immediate vicinity of the railroads, is rapidly being taken up and advancing in price. Experiments. — The State Horticultural Society has lately under- taken, in connection with the Agricultural Experiment Station, the most extensive experiments in the fertilization of fruit trees, vines and vegetables that have ever been attempted in the United States. The grounds are situated near the great Lindley peach orchard, in the vicinity of Southern Pines, and comprise two separate plats cover- ing about one hundred and twenty acres of land. The grounds are accurately staked out into tenth and twentieth acre plats, with walks and drives separating them, and the experiments are made in various series to test the proper mode of applying fertilizers to promote the growth of fruits and vegetables, every conceivable variation being made so as to get at the proper combinations of the various forms Fruit Growing. 173 of plant foods and re-agents. This work, being done with the greatest exactness by experts, will be of great help to those engaging in the culture of fruits and vegetables in this localit)^ These grounds will soon be one of the most attractive resorts to the visitors and residents of this section, and cannot fail to be of value to any student of fruit or vegetable culture. I^owER Piedmont Section. — Less attention has been given 'to the culture of fruit in this section of the State than in any other. It includes the great cotton growing section, and the bright tobacco belt, and these crops have absorbed the attention of cultivators to the exclusion of everything else. But that fruits will thrive here has been proved by experience in many localities. A few years ago around Raleigh, there were extensive vineyards and the shipping of fruit paid well. But many of the growers were discouraged and the industry is not being pushed. It has been shown by the success of those who have kept at the work and have used the approved methods of spraying the vines or of bagging the fruit, that grapes can still be made a source of profit if properly managed. Apples do well in this section if properly cared for, and, on the exposed uplands, the peach and plum will make profitable crops. On the warm slopes there is always danger that the trees will bloom prematurely and be caught by late frosts. In all this section of the State, the culture of small fruits can be made a profitable industrj^ Around Raleigh, the culture of plums has proved profitable, particularly the Japan varieties and the American sorts like the Wild Goose. Upper Piedmont Section. — This section, including the great stretch of rolling uplands, from the Uharrie range to the crest of the Blue Ridge, is one of the best regions for general farming in the south, and the lands are everywhere capable of a high degree of cultivation. While considerably v/orn in some parts, there are wide areas of very fertile soil, particularly along the courses of the rivers flowing from the mountains. The valley of the Yadkin is famous for the fertility of its bottom lands and there are many fine bodies of land along the valley of the Catawba, while all along the foot hills of the Blue Ridge there are valley lands of exhuberant fertilit}^ Fruits of all kinds thrive well in this favored region, and there is a greater exemption from untimely spring frosts than in any other section. Along the Blue Ridge are found the famous thermal belts, where destructive frosts are comparatively unknown, and where the fruit crops are more certain than anywhere else. These belts are found along the slopes of the Brushy mountains, in Wilkes, and other counties, particularly in Polk, and in this latter county there are quite a number of 174 North Carolina and its Resources. people from the north settled and engaged in fruit culture. The frostless belts are found along the east slopes of the mountains, and seem caused by the settling of the cold air at night into the valleys, pushing up the warm air, and they show a luxuriant green in the autumn long after frost has browned everything in the valley below. The same influences protect the blooming trees in the spring. All over these uplands, and particularly in the upper part next the mountain barrier, fruit trees of all kinds flourish with proper attention, and many diseases that affect them in more northern localities are unknown. The culture of apples Vv^ill prove a most remunerative business, when undertaken by intelligent cultivators and with the proper varieties. Many apples are grown there already, but as a rule, the varieties most popular in the North, are not grown to the extent they should be. The exhibits from North Carolina and Vir- ginia, at the Chicago Exposition, opened the e3^es of apple dealers north to the great value of certain varieties that grow here to greater perfection than elsewhere. This is particularly true as to the Wine- sap and the York Imperial apples. The latter variety is grown to some extent under the name of Johnson's Fine Winter. During the past winter, (i895-'96,) these two varieties of apples from North Caro- lina and Virginia, have brought higher prices in New York and in lyiverpool than any other apple, not excepting the famous Albemarle Pippin, of Virginia. In the black soil of the mountain coves, the Albemarle Pippin thrives as well as in its native locality. But the Wine- sap and the York Imperial thrive over a wider range of country and there are fortunes in the cultivation of these two apples in this section. On the breezy uplands the peach reaches greater perfection than any- where, except in the Sand Hill country; and in the neighborhood of Greensboro there are profitable orchards. In no section of the State do cherries reach such perfection, and the fine cherries of this section sell next to the product from California in the New York market, bring- ing at times as high as forty cents per pound. On the foothills the cherry will prove a most remunerative fruit crop. While the finer cherries do not thrive in the eastern part of the State, they here reach their highest perfection. Plums of the American and Japa- nese varieties are grown to a considerable extent and have been found to pay well. Pears also succeed well, and should be largely grown. Grapes for wine making are grown to some extent and the fruit is of remarkably fine quality. By grafting on the native roots, and paying attention to spraying to prevent mildew, the fine varieties of the European grapes can be grown to great perfection. The possibilities in this line are but just being appreciated, and it is believed that Fruit Growing. 175 success will attend the experiment. Small fruits of all kinds do remarkably well, and should be grown for home use and local markets, but for northern markets the crop from this section would be fore- stalled by the crops of warmer soils, so that it would hardly pay to grow them for this purpose. With intelligent and skillful culture and skill in packing and shipping, the varieties of apples named will prove the most profitable fruit for this region, particularly in the upper section next the mountains. The cheapness of land, the sunny climate and short winters combine to make this section a paradise for fruit growers. And when, in addition, we find health and good water there is hardly anything left above to desire. Though somewhat colder by reason of elevation above the sea than the part of the State east of it, the upper Piedmont country is still a region of abounding sunshine in winter, and would make a delightful change to those tired of the frigid cold and deep snows of the North. The most enthusiastic admirers of this region are the settlers from the North who have made homes there. The Mountain Section. — This is the region of high plateaus and elevated valleys between the Blue Ridge on the east and the Great Smoky range that separates the State from Tennessee. This region is the home of the apple, and is destined to become the greatest apple growing region in America when its capabilities in this respect are fully knov/n to fruit growers. Though the apple thrives here under the most negligent treatment and produces unfailing crops, there have been few attempts to grow the fruit in a systematic manner, and the ignorance among the growers as to the proper manner of culling, pack- ing and shipping has caused the fruit of the mountain country to have a reputation that it does not deserve. From the early settlement of the country apples have been grown there from seed, and there is an embarrassment of riches in the shape of varieties that is unknown elsewhere. Many of these native seedling apples are of fine quality, while many are of inferior varieties, there having been a great tendency to grow seedlings of the Limbertwig class, because of their productiveness and keeping qualities, though of a very inferior quality. The Bufi", a dry poor apple of the showy Ben Davis stjde is also largely grown. But that any of the finer apples can be grown there to great perfection is beyond doubt, as has been shown by those who have planted them. Then there are many of the native apples that are of such quality as to deserve propagation and increased cultivation. Here too the Winesap and the York Imperial reach great perfection, and here too they should be largely grown. The size to which apple trees attain here is a source of wonder to 176 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. those who have been accustomed to the trees in the North. la one orchard in Haywood county was measured a tree that had a girth of eleven feet and nine inches, and in the same orchard, which had never been cultivated there were a hundred other trees that were full three feet in diameter of trunk, and all in the most luxuriant health. All that is needed here is a population of fruit growers who understand the culture and handling of winter apples. Apples of the northern varieties grown in Watauga county, are hardly recog- nizable because of their greater size and beauty. With good rail- road connections southward (the natural market for the fruit of this section) the growing of apples cannot fail to be profitable. And when is added to this the general fertility of the soil, the pure cold water, fine grasses for dairy purposes, and the superb mountain scenery with the phenoniinally light snow fall, we have a region that combines all the advantages of the North in its bracing climate, with the added advantages of a short winter, abounding sunshine and little snow. It is a paradise for the stock raiser, the dairy-man and the fruit grower It must not be assumed that the apple is the only fruit that will thrive in these valleys and elevated plateaus. In some parts of the mountain region the peach grows to great perfection, while in some parts it is not as successful as further east. But cherries, plums, quinces and pears are perfectly at home, and the grape reaches a high degree of excellence, and wine of the finest kind is being made. In Buncombe count}^, Col. Hoyt reports that he is succeeding in growing the Vinifera grapes by grafting them on the native roots, and the wine from his vineyards is gaining an enviable reputation. Small fruits thrive with great perfection, and in the valleys of the northwestern part of this section the cranberry is indigenous. NATIVE FRUITS. The northern Fox grape (Vitis lyabrusca) extends to a limited extent into North Carolina in the upper districts of the State. The Muscadine, (Vitis Vulpina,) the southern Fox grape has its home in. North Carolina and here have originated all the valuable varieties of this species in cultivation. They have all so far as we are aware; been found as wild plants and none have been the result of the gardener's efforts. The best known of the varieties of this grape is the scuppernong, so called from the Scuppernong river near which it was found several hundred years ago. This is believed to be the veritable grape alluded to by Amadas and Barlowe, I^ieutenants exploring under Sir Walter Raleigh, and landing on Roanoke Island in 1584; described as follows: "We viewed the land about us, being, v»?here Native Fruits. 177 we first landed very sandy and low toward the water side, but so full of grapes as the very beating and surge of the sea overflowed them, of which we found such plenty as well there as in all places else, both on the sand and on the green soil, on the hills as in the plains, as well as on every little shrub, as also climbing towards the tops of high cedars that I think in all the world the like abundance is not to be found; and myself having seen those parts of Europe that most abound, find such difference as were incredible to be written." In commen- ting on this. Dr. Hawks, in his History of North Carolina says: "The scuppernong derives its name from Scuppernong creek or river, at the north of Albemarle sound. The first vine was found in Tyrrel county by some of the first explorers under Amadas and Barlowe, and tradition relates that they transplanted a small vine with its roots, to Roanoke Island. That vine is yet alive and covers an immense extent of ground." In still further commenting he says: "In the time of lyawson (1714), there were six varieties of native grape known to him, v/hich he particularly describes: * * two kinds of black bunch grapes * * and four varieties of fox grape ^ * Besides these, lyawson says he once saw a spontaneous white bunch grape in North Carolina," which we believe to be the Scuppernong of to-day and is evidently the seedling from the black grape described above. Since then some other valuable varieties of the Vulina species have been found growing wild and have been brought under cultivation. These are the Meish, Thomas, Flowers and more recently the James. This last variety has qualities which seem to place it at the head of all the grapes of its class. The berries are immense, probably the largest of any of our native grapes. The skin is thinner than any other Vulpina, and the quality is fine both for the table and for wine. The clusters are much larger than those of the Scuppernong and while the Scuppernong is of a greenish russet color the James is a glossy jet black, destitute of bloom, as all the varieties are. Grapes of this class are always grown on hori- zontal trellises or arbors and thrive best with this mode of training. The impression has long been prevalent that this class of grapes should never be pruned, and the result is that everywhere in the State the vines are seen with immense masses of wood scrambling over rude rail arbors, fresh support being added till they cover acres of land. The fact is that these grapes are peculiar in their mode of fruiting, and, are benefitted by proper pruning as much as any. But the pruning that suits the northern Labrusca, Aestivalis Riparia and others that bear their fruit on the one year old wood will not do for the Vulpina class which bear their fruit on wood two years old. The 12 178 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. pruning must be so directed as to preserve a suitable supply of two year old canes, and cut away the old and gnarled wood. Vines treated in this way can be restrained within reasonable bounds and the production of fruit to a given area be greatly increased. This class of grapes is destined to be the great wine grape of the south, particularly on the sandy soils of the Coast plain, where they reach their greatest perfection. When subjected to skillful treatment by expert horticulturists there is no doubt that great improvement will yet be made in the quality of the grapes. Some efforts have been made in the past to cross them with the I^abrusca and Vinifera species, but the cross seems to be too violent, and no success has been had in this line. The true line to work upon seems to be to select the best varieties and grow them from seed and by gradual selection and the rejection of inferior ones to gradually improve them in the desired qualities. This work will be undertaken at the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and it is hoped that varieties of value may be the result. So far the only russet colored variety of value is the Scuppernong, and it is said that the seedlings from this always result in black grapes. Still, as little has been done in the line of growing seedlings from the Vulpina class there is good reason to believe that intelligent efforts in this line will be rewarded by success. VINEYARDS. The Medoc Vineyard, in Halifax county, now owned by the Messrs. Garrett, is one of the largest wine-making establishments in the State. The vineyard was originally planted with scuppernong vines exclusively by Rev. Sidney Weller. Messrs. Garrett have added largely other varieties and have increased the output. Much Scuppernong wine is still made, and it is said that five barrels have been made from a single vine. In favorable seasons the crop from this vineyard is about 175,000 gallons. Good brandy is also made. The wines from this vineyard have a high reputation all over the country. Tokay Vineyard. — A few miles north of Fayetteville is another vineyard largely devoted to the Scuppernong for wine mak- ing, belonging to Col. Wharton J. Green. He has very complete arrangements for the manufacture and storage of wine, and the product is making a national reputation. About 100,000 gallons are produced annually. A writer in a northern journal speaking of the wines of this Tokay vineyard says: "In general characteristics they resemble the Spanish and Madeira wines, and the sweet white is Vineyards. 179 not unlike the California Mission, though much more delicate in bouquet, and, when given proper age, approaches the closest to a fine old Madeira of any wine yet produced in this country. This wine will constitute a basis for a good sherry wine when made with that view, and we have seen some samples of such from these vine- yards which strongly resemble old brown sherry and would do credit to any gentleman's sideboard or private cellar. Other samples again made from the Flowers, a black Scuppernong seedling, a dry wine, resemble certain red wines of Hungary, already highly esteemed in this country, and as a sweet wine, bears a close relation to the "Span- ish Red." The Bordeaux Vineyards of Mr. James M. Pearce, near Fay- etteville, are largely planted in Scuppernongs, the fruit from which is shipped to other parts of the State. There are also large vineyards of Scuppernongs near Wilmington, and near Whiteville, in Columbus county. The Engadine Vineyards, of Col. Hoyt, in Buncombe county, not far from Asheville, we have already noted. The Scuppernong is not grown here, as it does not do well in the mountain country, but the wines made here are of excellent quality and reputation. In the great and newly developed grape region about Southern Pines, in the Sand Hill region, no attempts of importance have been made in wine making, as the shipping of the early fruit has been too profitable to allow it. But it is likely that in the near future, the wine interest will be developed here too. This region is singularly exempt from the rot and other diseases that so annoy grape growers in other sec- tions of the country, and this fact alone renders the culture more profitable. The exemption from disease is also another inducement for the extension of the culture of the Scuppernong and other sorts of the Vulpina species, as these seem perfectly exempt from the fungus and insect troubles that annoy growers of other species. Happy Valley Vineyard. — This vineyard is in Cumberland county, near Fayetteville, and is almost exclusively a Scuppernong vineyard, containing some four hundred acres. It has one vine covering a space seventy-two by eighty-four feet, illustrating very beautifully the character of the Scuppernong, and it is very pro- ductive, producing annually thirty or more bushels of grapes. Mr. G. W. Lawrence, the proprietor, is an enthusiastic advocate of the Scuppernong, both as a table and as a wine grape, his cellar being loaded with the finest bright yellow wines. i8o North Carolina axd its Resources. NURSERIES. While the nursery business has not reached the poixit of develop- ment in North Carolina that it has northward, there are nevertheless some extensive and well conducted establishments, which have the confidence of the people. It is a matter of great importance to planters of the peach, especially, that they should get trees grown at home, for the disease known as the "Yellows," which is decimating the orchards north, is unknown in North Carolina, and growers should take every precaution to prevent the introduction of the disease with trees brought from infected regions. The leading nurseries in the State are the following: The Pomona Nurseries. — These nurseries are situated near the city of Greensboro, at Pomona. They are conducted and owned by Mr. J. Van I^indley, one of the leading members of the American Pomological Society, and of the North Carolina Horticultural Society, and who is largely interested in the culture of fruit both in North Carolina and other southern states. Mr. lyindley was born a nursery- man, as his father followed the business before him, and by his energy and enterprise in getting the newest and best adapted fruits for the State has done a great deal to advance pomology in North Carolina, and has built up an extensive business, producing fruit trees of all sorts by the million. The extent of this nursery is shown by the fact that there are now 625,000 apple trees of various ages, five acres of apple seedlings for grafting, 400,000 peaches will be budded the summer of 1896, and there are 100,000 plum stocks for graftings besides many thousands of apricots, nectarines, cherries, mulberries, grapes, pecans, English walnuts, Japan chestnuts, with many thous- ands of roses and ornamental trees and shrubbery. Four green- houses are used in the propagation and growth of ornamental plants. The nurseries occupy about three hundred acres of land. Greensboro Nurseries. — These nurseries are in the same neighborhood as the Pomona nurseries, and this business is more ex- tensive about Greensboro than elsewhere in the State. Mr. John A. Young is the proprietor. They are east of the city of Greensboro, and have at various times been under the management of different owners, but have been under the present ownership since 1884. The nurseries occupy two hundred and seventy-five acres of fine land. Thirty to forty men are annually employed as traveling agents and the trade is mainly in this State, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, lyouisiana and Virginia. An average of thirty-five men are employed in the nursery grounds. The Comet and the Greensboro peaches were TRUCKING — ATLANTIC & NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD. Nurseries. i8i introduced by this nursery and are rapidlj'- becoming standard varieties. The Greensboro is the newest peach and is owned jointly by Messrs. Young and I^indley. The Cedar Grove Nurseries are situated at Shore, Yadkin county, and conducted by N. W. Craft. The soil and climate are favorable to the propagation of all varieties of ornamental, nut and fruit trees, as well as vines, shrubs and plants; all of which are kept in large numbers. Und'erdown Nurseries. — These nurseries were established some twenty years ago, near Lenoir, in Caldwell county. The work is confined to fruits and grapes, and only such varieties as are known by test to suit the surrounding region are propagated. These embrace among other specialties, the following apples: Baldwin, Blackburn, Buckingham, Magnum Bonum, Edwards, Tuttle, Coffer, Cragg, Winesap and the never failing I^imbertwig. Other Nurseries. — Besides the above, there are a number of important nurseries, viz.: Allen Warren & Son, Greenville; O. W. Blacknall, Kittrell; H. P. Kelsey, Kawana, Mitchell county; S. & P. Bilyeu, Southern Pines, and others. TRUCKING. Years ago, before the advent of Peruvian guano the cultivation of vegetables for the great city markets was confined to the immediate vicinity of the cities, where large supplies of stable manure could be had, and for years after the farmers had got to using commercial fertilizers on grain crops it was the general opinion of gardeners that their crops imperatively demanded stable manure, and that the com- mercial fertilizers would not produce the crops of the trucker as well as manure. The means of rapid transportation from distant points was not so perfected that the products of southern climes could be laid down at the doors of the northern consumers at unseasonable times. But as the farmers in the warm, sandy lands of New Jersey began to experiment with fertilizers, and to grow crops like early peas and potatoes with them, the growers about the vicinity of New York and other large northern cities began to admit that for these crops the fertilizers might do, but that for the early cabbage the stable manure must be had, and that many other crops which they grew were too bulky to admit of the far away growers producing, even if they could grow them without stable manure. But gradually the growers about the cities got to experimenting with the new fertilizers and found that they could use them profitablj^ as the supplies of stable manure grew more in demand and were only to be had at a higher 1 82 North Carolina and its Resources. price. Then the means of transportation became better and better, and some enterprising men began to experiment in the growing of vegetables and small fruits around Norfolk, Va. But at first they were so wedded to the old notions about stable manure that they pur- chased large quantities both from Norfolk and in cargoes by sea from the north, paying at times as high as ten cents per bushel for the manure on their farms. Gradually the cheaper and more easily transported fertilizers took the place of the bulky and expensive stable manure, and the business was greatly stimulated. The war broke up the Nor- folk development for a time, but after its close the business was resumed with greater energy than ever. The northern people had got in the habit of expecting supplies of vegetables ahead of their season and the demand made the business of supplying it very profit- able. For a time it was supposed that Norfolk had a monopoly of the early vegetable and small fruit business. But fast steamers from the southern ports got to bringing supplies from more southern points, largely at first of watermelons, and gradually taking up other things as the growers found them to pay. The completion of railroad con- nections in eastern North Carolina led to experiments there in this industry, and it was soon found that we had in that section a soil and climate particularly favorable to the production of the crops most in demand. When the truck industry first began to extend southward the northern growers were alarmed when they saw peas in their mar- ket before they had planted their crops, and at first assumed that their occupation was gone. But as the industry extended further south it became evident that the southern competition was not an unmixed evil, for with greater supplies the people came to expect continuous supplies, and each section fell into line in its own season. The northern gardeners no longer got the fabulous prices formerly paid for their earliest products, but they soon found that when their turn came they had the practical control of the market from their near- ness and the freshness of their products. So a division of labor has been set up, and the products of each section are expected and sold in their respective seasons. The products from the south of course command the higher price from their earliness, and each section has found what it can best produce. In no part of the south has there been a greater development in this line than in North Carolina. Antedating the products of the Norfolk section by several weeks, and but little behind those of Charleston, and with lower freights than the latter place it is no wonder that the fertile soil of our eastern counties has developed the production of vegetable crops to the enormous amount they have now assumed. Trucking. 183 The increasing wealth of the northern cities, and the demands of luxurious living have of late years developed there another branch of the market garden industry, that of forcing vegetables and fruits under glass in winter, by the aid of fire heat distributed over large areas by means of hot water or steam pipes. About Boston and New York this business has developed to an enormous extent, and the products being of the highest quality, bring the finest prices, making the investment very profitable. This business too is beginning to extend to distances from the great centres of population until the present winter, pineapples, grown under glass in Florida in parts of the State where they were not formerly grown, sold by reason of their superior quality for $1.50 each at wholesale. Cucumbers from hot- houses in Vermont are now sold every winter in New York at fancy prices. In these northern sections the winters are characterized by long spells of dark and sunless weather, the intense cold demands double glazed houses, and a very complete and expensive heating apparatus, with an enormous consumption of coal. In North Carolina our winters, even when uncommonly cold, are characterized by abounding sunshine, the value of which every one who has had any experience in the growing of plants under glass fully realizes. The general mild temperature makes cheaper houses available, less of heating apparatus and a smaller consumption of coal necessary. In fact many things that are grown profitably at the north in steam heated houses, can be grown to equal perfection here in simple cold frames, covered with loose sashes only at night and in dark and stormy weather. Boston lettuce, grown in steam heated houses aided by electric lights is shipped as far south as Washington and sold at a profit, while here we can grow equally as good a product during the whole winter, in frames, without a particle of fire heat. Lettuce is now being grown to a large extent in the neighborhood of Wilmington with the aid of protecting plant cloth, which at best is a poor sub- stitute for glass, and the product is not so good as could be had by the use of glass. The growth of early vegetables in the open ground has developed to a wonderful extent from the small beginnings on the Atlantic Coast I^ine railroad near Wilmington. The development has been particularly noticeable about Newbern, where the lands in the immediate vicinity of the city are almost entirely devoted to the busi- ness. Here in the peninsula between the Neuse and Trent rivers, the gardens extend over near 10,000 acres. Having here the advantage of both water and railroad transportation there has been a wider development than any where else. The level mellow lands respond quickly to the use of fertilizers, which are applied with lavish hands. 184 North Carolina and its Resources. Not only about Newbern, but all along the Atlantic and North Carolina railroad, at Kinston and I^aGrange, the market gardening industry has developed to a wonderful extent. On the Wilmington and Weldon branch of the Atlantic Coast lyine the increase in this business has been equally marked. Here just north of Wilmington, the truck industry had its first beginning. Then, near Rocky Point, Mr. G. Z. French has seven hundred acres devoted to the culture of small fruits and early vegetables, and that point has become an important shipping centre. From Wilmington to Goldsboro, the development has of late tended more in the direction of strawberry growing than in vegetable culture, and the broad fields devoted to this fruit are one of the most attractive features of the country to the traveller on the railroad. Mr. J. A. Westbrook, at Mt. Olive, has made a conspicuous success in the culture of the strawberry. He bought fourteen years ago a worn out farm, and went to work grow- ing strawberries, with a capital of $1000 and a single horse. From this small beginning he has made a fine home, and a fertile farm from a very poor one and has bought several other farms here and one in Florida. His returns, net, from strawberries, on his home place last year were $14,000 from thirty acres in this fruit. It should be stated that part of this was from the sale of the new strawberry plant, I^ady Thompson. The cost of cultivating, fertilizing and shipping straw- berries here will run from $100 to $125 per acre annually. Along these lines of railroad, lands suitable for the growth of garden vege- table and small fruits are rapidly advancing in value, though there are wide areas still to be had at very low prices. As has been intimated, the greatest development is yet to come here in the skill- ful use of glass, and there is the greatest opening for men skilled in the use of glass in green houses and frames. This culture offers the best inducement for the investment of capital and skill of any business in the trucking section. There are as yet few men there who have had any experience in the handling of vegetables and fruits under glass, and it only needs to be started by skilled men to make it an assured success from the start. What is yet to be the future of the market garden interests in North Carolina no one can predict. Two years ago it was stated that the shipments of early truck from eastern North Carolina, amounted to over $4,000,000. From one farm, that of Messrs. Hackburn & Willett, near Newbern, $75,000 worth of products have been sold in a single season. North of the Albemarle Sound on the line of the Norfolk and Southern railroad, from Edenton to Norfolk is another section where at various points the growing of early vegetable crops has been a TRUCKING AROUND NEW BERN. CuLTURK OF Flowering Bulbs. 185 source of great profit. This is particularly the case about Elizabeth City, where the transportation by water through the Dismal Swamp canal gives an additional outlet with the railroad. To men of small means the intensive culture of the truck and small fruit business is attractive, and to the man of large means and a knowledge of the business in all its branches there is in eastern North Carolina an opening for profitable investment in this line, unsurpassed by any other section of the Union. CULTURE OF FLOWERING BULBS. For generations all the bulbs of ornamental plants that are produced in this way have been imported from Holland and the south of Europe. For many years our growers thought it essential that the tuberose (Polyanthus Tuberosa) must be had from Italy in order to have the best blooming bulbs. Years ago some experi- ments of the late Isaac Buchanan on Long Island, demonstrated that bulbs of superior quality could be grown on this side the ocean. But it was found that in the shorter northern season these evergreen bulbs could not be ripened to a blooming size from the offsets in a single season, and it was found that a more southern climate was needed. Experiments were made in Florida, but it was found that though the bulbs grew to a fine size there, the trouble was to get them to stop growing in time to prevent the flowering the same season, for this would render the bulbs worthless as the tuberose makes but one spike of flowers from a bulb, and the future bloom depends on the offsets made. Further experiments showed that the climate of eastern North Carolina was the happy medium between the short season of Long Island and the long one of Florida, and at once the business centered there. For years now the entire market for these bulbs both in America and Europe has been supplied by the growers of eastern North Carolina. Latterl}^ the English dealers have made an efi"ort to promote the culture of the tuberose in South Africa, and large quantities were grown there, but their quality as acknowledged by the English Horticultural papers does not compare with that of North Carolina bulbs and the African bulbs are no longer wanted in London. But as fashion rules the demand for all classes of flowers, the tuberose has become less fashionable than formerly, and a decreased demand has caused lower prices, so that while the business is still fairly remunerative it is not so profitable as formerly. But more recent experiments have demonstrated that we have in various parts of the State, soils and climate adapted to the growth of other flowering bulbs that are in large demand by the florists near the great centres 1 86 North Carolina and its Resources. of fashion for forcing under glass in the winter months. It has been shown that we can grow here to as great or even greater perfection all the hyacinth bulbs for which Holland has become famous, and that the lilies can be produced here far better than those that are imported from the south of France, and that the early blooming Roman hyacinths and the white Italians, which have been the mon- opoly of the south of France and Italy, can be produced here of far better quality than in Europe. Professor W. F. Massey, the active Horticulturist, of North Carolina Experiment Station, a florist of long experience, has been making active efforts to interest the north- ern wholesale dealers in this matter, and bulbs produced at the station grounds have attracted great admiration among the New York florists, and many dealers are now endeavoring to encourage the culture here, preferring of course to get their supplies at home rather than go abroad and pay duty on them. The result of the efforts of Prof. Massey in getting a substitute or an ally or allies for the tuberose seems destined to be successful, and it looks as though the time is not far distant when North Corolina will become as famous for bulbs as Holland has been, when our growers become as skillful in the handling and curing of the various bulbs. But the general culture of flowering bulbs will not be confined to the eastern region as that of the tuberose has been, for it is found that for some of them a different soil and climatic con- dition are better. That section will probably excel in the growth of the tuberose, narcissus, freezia and amaryllis, while the upland sandy lands of the long leaf pine belt will become the home of the lilies, and hyacinth, and gladiolus, though the Narcissus will do equally well there. The deep sandy soils of the long leaf pine region seem especially adapted to the growth and perfection of the lily tribe, as extensive experiments have shown. A few years ago a New York importer had 100,000 lily bulbs arrive from France in a damaged condition so that they were entirely unsaleable. He sent them to Aberdeen in the sand hill country of this State, and in one season's growth, in the hands of absolutely inexperienced cultivators, they attained such perfection as to astonish all who saw them on their return to New York, and the florists who bought them for forcing were so pleased with the results that the next season they all wanted some of the same kind of bulbs. Professor Massey sent the past season bulbs of a great variety, grown at the Station grounds near Raleigh, in a soil not believed to be the best for the purpose, which were pronounced by the Garden and Forest, the leading authority in such matters, to be better by far than any imported bulbs that had ever been seen in that city. Experiments with the bulbs showed that m M Tf^^f^^^^-i GREAT FALLS AND BULKHEAD — ROANOKE RIVER — WELDON. Culture o]P Flowering Bulbs. 187 they forced under glass better than the imported ones and that eveu the Chinese Sacred I^ily (Narcissus Tazetta) made more bloom than the imported Chinese bulbs, and far superior to those that had been grown in Bermuda. So much space to the bulb industry is given because the prospect is that it is to become in many parts of the State a leading and most profitable industry, and in the hope that the facts stated may attract the attention of experts in bulb culture to the capacity of our soil and climate for this work. An effort has been made to get a list of those engaged in the cultivation of the tuberose and other flowering bulbs, but has resulted in only a partially complete list. The following comprises a list of those along the line of the Wilmington and Wei don railroad, with the probable amount of their tuberose crops. At Wallace, in Duplin county, J. W. Stallings, 200,000; D. H. Wallace, 100,000; Milton Southerland, 100,000; Z. J. Carter & Son, 400,000;. At Teacheys: J. C. Mc'Millan, Jr., 100,000. At Rose Hill: W. B. Southerland, 100,000. At Magnolia: H. E. Newberry, 1,000,000; J, F. Croom & Bro.; 1,000,000. There are also large quantities of these bulbs grown at other points on the same road and also at Fayetteville, so that it will be perfectly safe to put the present production of the tuberose alone at near 5,000,000 bulbs annually. One of the tuberose growers has already an annual contract with a Chicago house to take all the Roman hyacinths he can produce up to a million. It is only a ques- tion of time when the bulbs that are now grown for the American market in the south of France and Ital}^, will be grown in North Carolina and there is no more inviting line of culture for expert gardeners than in growing these bulbs here for the trade. MANUFACTURING. The existence in most parts of the State of abundant water- power, the abundance, value and variety of the raw material, and its proximity to favorable seats for its conversion into the manufactured fabric, and the natural aptitude of the people for mechanical industries, early made North Carolina foremost among the Southern States in the character of a manufacturing State. In iron she was usefully conspicuous during the revolutionary war. In the manufacture of textile fabrics she may be regarded as the pioneer in the south, her cotton factories antedating similar works in both Virginia and South Carolina — her factories, at the beginning of the late civil war, exceeding those of any State in the south. The war swept away North Carolina and its Resourcks. roost of the existing establishments, the invaders aiming to inflict a deadly blow upon the industries of the State as one of the surest steps at subjugation — perhaps with an eye also to the suppression of that rivalry which might grow formidable after the restoration of peace, with the advantages possessed by the south in climate, in the cost of labor, in the economy of living, in the saving of the costs of transporta- tion, and the more decided advantage in the proximity of the cotton fields to the factories. The almost universal destruction of the existing cotton factories was a stunning blow to North Carolina, but not a fatal one, for its force was the same as that inflicted upon all the other industries of the State, corporate and individual. In all of them recuperation began from the same dead level of universal ruin and disaster. The same hopeful look into the future, the same undaunted courage in accepting calamity, the same indomitable energy in the retrieval of losses, the same steady determination to persevere against the most formidable obstacles which make up the North Carolina character, had splendid illustration when the restora- tion of constitutional government and the restoration of wise financial systems made it possible to engage again in those industrial pursuits demanding the application of capital and the possession of the necessary skill. And the increase of the manufacture of cotton is so great as to have become a prominent feature in the industrial history of the State. One feature is not to be overlooked: it indicates a change in systems and habits only to be wrought by the stern lessons of adversity, and must be accepted as one of the undreamed of blessings which sometimes are enforced by the teachings of war. Once it was that all the skill of managers, superintendents and machinists was introduced from the northern factories. The instances were rare when a youug southern man applied himself to the acquisition of the necessary skill and experience to take charge of a factory. Now young men of the south make no hesitation in stepping on the lowest round of the ladder and ascending, by gradual but steady step, to the topmost round, qualified to take charge of all the intricate and complex details of a business for which the habits of the south once pronounced them inapt or disqualified by social position. Northern skill and experience are not discarded or excluded, but real industrial independence is only attained where those who engage in enterprises involving the problems of success or failure are themselves capable of conducting them. Thus it has come to pass that, from the seaboard to the mountains, by the use of steam or wa-ter-power, cotton factories are established, created by home capital, in large measure conducted by home skill. Cotton Mti.i.s. 189 COTTON MILLS. (Prepared by a practical Cotton Spinner.) It is certain that no industry in the State has thriven with such rapidity or been more healthy in its growth than that of cotton manufacturing. For many years there has been no cessation in the extension of mill plants or in the erection of new ones and at the present moment there are probably as many or more mills in the course of erection than at any other period. The rapid progress of the past few years is clearly seen from a comparison of the number of looms and spindles now at work with the figures given in the Hand Book of 1893. The figures at the date of the last publication were: — Spindles. Looms. 1893 506,342 9,128. and are now (1896) 879,740 19,633. This growth is at a rapid rate but is none the less healthy, for the mill stocks of this State stand fully as high in the estimation of investors as those of any other State and the industry in North Carolina has suffered as little, or perhaps less, than that of any other State in the periodical waves of depression that influence cotton manufacturing all the world over. Among the difficulties of, and the drawbacks to, manufacturing in the Old World and even in the eastern States of the Union, is the one of transit of raw material and finished product. For a hundred years the spindles of the world have depended almost entirely on America for their supply of cotton, and now, notwithstanding the large crops raised in Egypt, India, China and South America, probably two-thirds of the spindles in existence use cotton that is grown in the South. These mills have to bear heavy freight charges, both on the raw cotton and again on the reshipment of manufactured goods; goods which still to a large extent are re-imported into this country. Again the older manufacturing countries have to deal with labor that is organized in trades unions, which insist on high wages, short hours, with laws that have been passed incurring all kinds of restrictions and regulations which, however desirable they may be from a philan- thropic or politico-economical standpoint, are none the less galling to the average business man. In addition, the older established mills have often to contend with worn out and antiquated plant and machinery. The business men of North Carolina were among the first to see the opportunities of a new era of cotton manufacturing: how, by I go North Carolina and its Resourcks. adopting the latest and most improved machinery and by placing it in modern mills designed for economical working, they could utilize the willing labor in their midst and the cotton around their doors, thus keeping the money representing the cost of manufacture at home. The difference in value of the average sized crop of North Carolina cotton if sold as manufactured fabrics at about 15 cents, instead of 7 cents in the bale, would amount to $16,000,000 per annum, a larger portion of which sum would remain in the State. The advantages of North Carolina as a manufacturing section and the reasons that have made it so successful are thus obvious. Raw material at the mill door, a regular supply of cotton of even grade and staple, absence of obnoxious State restrictions and grandmotherly legislation on factory questions, plentiful supply of wood for fuel or proximity to water powers, and an abundance of cheap labor, have all had their influence. Perhaps the most potent reason has been the labor; all through the State there seems to be an abundant supply of teachable and tractable help, especially in the foot-hills of the mountains. They make, with some little instruction, exceedingly satisfactory mill operatives, their only fault being a spirit of unrest, a desire to move about from mill to mill, rather than settle in one place. The oppor- tunity of mill work is usually valuable to these people in consequence of their lack of elementary education and consequent unsuitability for many industrial occupations. In the cotton mills, however, this lack of education is far from being a drawback and as before stated they are found to be excellent help. Another feature of the cotton mill industry in this State is the number of small mills. Usually this is considered a disadvantage as the modern tendency is to increase the size of the mill to reduce the cost per pound of finished product. In North Carolina the small factory is a useful institution, as small communities that otherwise could not have a mill at all can often afford a small one; many small water powers can be developed and utilized, and the small mill offers facilities for close supervision and for working up local supplies of cotton while the financial results often bear comparison with those of larger concerns. Although mills of this type exist in considerable numbers, yet there are many in the State of larger proportions, for example, the Henrietta mills, which afford employment to the inhabitants of what is now quite a town which has grown up on a site that ten years ago was one of the quietest woodland tracts in the State. Another, the Victor mill, which is one of the group of twelve mills now at work, or in course of erection in the city of Charlotte, is representative of ■c:^^^m::K.^omcs^^mj Cotton Mii.ls. 191 the smaller t5'pe. In addition, other towns like Salisbury, Graham, Burlington and Greensboro have become quite important manufactur- ing centres and possess fine mills. The future possibilities of cotton manufacturing in the State are great. The motive power applied is either water or steam. Of the former the aggregate is about 3,500,000 horse powers. Professor Kerr said that "if the whole of this were employed in manufacturing it would be adequate to turn 140,000,000 spindles. The water power of North Carolina would manufacture three times the entire crop of the country, whereas all the mills on the continent only spin one- quarter of it. Putting the crop of the State at 400,000 bales, she has power to manufacture fifty times that quantity." See chapter on water powers elsewhere. The choice between water power and steam is determined by the comparative economy in the use of either the one or the other. In many cases there will be no hesitation in the adoption of the first, for natural conditions at once emphasize the decision. At the falls of the Roanoke, of the Tar river, on the rapid declivities of Haw and Deep rivers, on never-failing streams in Cumberland and Richmond coun- ties, on the enormous forces of the two Catawbas, and perhaps else- where, a second thought would never be given to the application of any other power than that so exhaustlessly provided by nature and so easily and economically controlled. Elsewhere steam offers itself as the ready and convenient agent in such convenient form that the location of a new factory is rather made subservient to the convenience of transportation than to the character of the power to be applied; and thus it is that cotton factories are found everywhere in operation in the State, on the flat lands and by the sluggish waters of the eastern sec- tion, along the bold streams and the abundant water-falls in the middle section, or on the more turbulent torrents of the Mountain region. As shown, there is practically no limit to the power available for mill purposes and there is no limit to the cotton available, as when the mills reach the point when they exhaust the supply available from the State, cotton will be shipped from the States less favorably situated for manufacturing, and as New England can employ 14,000,000 spindles, the Continent of Europe 27,000,000 and England 45,000,000, there is no reason why the mills in the south should not continue to multiply for many years to come. The capital invested in Cotton mills in North Carolina, is esti- mated at $13,132,750, and the money paid in wages to cotton mill help annually $2,854,300, for the day work alone. As a considerable 192 North Carolina and its Resources, number of mills work day and night in brisk business times, this estimate will be largely exceeded. The products are varied and comprise yarns from the coarse carpet warp to the skein yarns for lace curtains, while the weaving mills, in addition to sheetings, shirtings and drills, make ginghams, plaids, chambrays, stripes, cheviots, towels, etc. There are also several mills engaged in making cotton ropes, cordage and webbing as well as a number of cotton knitting mills, both for socks and underwear. The large increase of cotton mills has been the means of intro- ducing other industries, such as a card clothing factory, belting factories, reed and harness works, roll covering shops, machinery repair shops and many establishments for the manufacture of mill accessories, all adding to the prosperity of the State. The city of Charlotte has become recognized as the commercial centre of the cotton mill business in the south, all the important textile machinists and makers of mill supplies being represented there. A list is appended of all the cotton mills in the State and in addition to those given, companies have been organized for the purpose of building cotton mills at the following places: — Albemarle, Charlotte, Cherryville, Hillsboro, Jamestown and Mount Pleasant. COTTON FACTORIES. County and Post Office. Alamance Elon College.. Alamance Elon College.. Alamance Burlington... . Alamance Burlington — Alamance Burlington — Alamance Burlington Alamance Burlington — Alamance Burlington — Alamance Burlington... . Alamance Burlington — Alamance Graham Alamance Graham Alamance Graham Alamance Graham .\lamance Graham Alamance Swepsonville . Alamance Haw River. . . . Alamance . . o . . .Haw River. . . . Alamance Haw River Alamance Big Falls Name of Mill, Presidknt or Manager. Altamahaw; Holt, Grant & Holt Ossipee;J. N. Williamson & Son Glencoe; W. E. & J. H. Holt Lakeside; Samuel M. Holt Carolina; J. H. & W. E. Holt & Co.. . Alamance, E. M. Holt & Sons Aurora; Lawrence S. Holt Elmira; W. L. & E. C. Holt E. M. Holt; J. H. Erwin Windsor; J. H Holt, Jr. & R. L. Holt Saxapahaw; White, Williamson &Co Oneida, (No. 1); L. Banks Holt Oneida, (No. 2); L. Banks Holt Belmont; L. B. & L. S. Holt Sidney; Scott, Donnell & Scott Virginia; George Rosenthal, Treas... Granite Mfg. Co., Chas.T. Holt, Pres T. M. Holt Mfg. Co. C. T. Holt, P-.^ Cora Mfg. Co., Charles T. Holt, P Juanita; G. Rosenthal ^^® No. of Spin- dles. 6,500 4,600 3,120 3,000 3.075 1,000 4,608 3>750 No. of Looms 3,120 4,704 4,424 4,400 2,592 1,000 3,680 8,500 7,168 7,000 6,172 300 220 186 150 58 94 220 252 140 1 6a 71 308 277 126 lOI 150 434 252 250 *In course of construction. Cotton Factories. 193 County and Post Office. Alexander Taylorsville.. Anson Wadesboro.. . Buncombe Asheville Burke Morganton... Burke Valdese Cabarrus Concord Cabarrus Concord Cabarrus Concord Cabarrus Concord Caldwell Granite Falls Caldwell Patterson. . . . Catawba Newton Catawba Newton . . . . Catawba Maiden Catawba Maiden Catawba Maiden Catawba Monbo Catawba Monbo Chatham Bynums Chatham Siler City .... Cleveland Laundale. . . . Cleveland Double Shoals Cleveland Shelby Cleveland Shelby Cleveland Stubbs Craven Newbern Cumberland. ..Hope Mills... . Cumberland. . .Hope Mills.. . . Cumberland. . .Fayetteville. . . Cumberland . . .Fayetteville. . . Cumberland. ..Fayetteville.. . Cumberland. . .Fayetteville. . . Cumberland. ..Manchester.. . Davidson Lexington .... Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham East Durham . Durham East Durham . Durham Willardsville.. Edgecombe Tarboro Forsyth Salem Forsyth Salem Franklin Franklinton . . Franklin Laurel Gaston Cherryville. . . Gaston Crowder's Mt. Gaston Dallas Gaston Harden. ..... Gaston Stanley Creek Gaston Gastonia Gaston Mt. Holly Gaston Mt. Holly Gaston Mt. Holly .. Namb of Mill, President or Manager, Taylorsville; J. H. Moore Wadesboro; W. T. McClendon, Pres Asheville; D. Banks Holt, President Alpine , Hosiery Mill; John Meier Cabarrus; J. M. Odell Cannon; J. M. Odell, President Odell; J. M. Odell. President Patterson Mfg. Co. G. W. Patterson. . . Granite Falls Mfg. Co., W. P. Ivey.. . Gwyn Harper; Gwyn, Harper & Co... Newton; B. D. Heath Newton Hosiery Mill Union; Martin Carpenter Maiden; H. F. Carpenter & Sons Providence; H. F. Carpenter & Sons., Long Island; Geo. H. Brown, Treas... Monbo; C. L. Turner J. M. Odell Mfg. Co. J. M. Odell Hadley, Peoples & Co Cleveland; H. F. Schenck Double Shoals; E. A. Morgan Belmont; A. C. Miller, Treasurer Lauraglen; R. B. Miller, Secretary... *Buffalo Manufacturing Company.... Newbern Knitting Mill, H. Rishton... Hope Mills (No. i) S. H. Cotton Hope Mills {No. 2) S. H. Cotton Beaver Creek & Bluff; H. W. Lilly. .. Fayetteville; A. A. McKeathan, Sec... Phoenix, J. D. McNeill, Secretary *W. L. Holt, Pres Manchester; John F. Clark Wennonah (Nos. i & 2) W. E. Holt. . Erwin; B. N. Duke, President Durham Hosiery Mill; Geo. Graham. Golden Belt Knitting Mill; J. S. Cam. Commonwealth ; V. Ballard Pearl; W. H. Branson Durham; W. H. Branson Willard; A. G. Cox Tarboro; A. M. Fairly South Side; H. E. Fried Arista; F. Sz H. Fries Sterling; S. C. Vann, Treasurer Laurel; J. F. Jones Cherryville; David Manny Crowder's Mount.; R.H.Garrett, Pres. Dallas; L. L. Suggs . Harden; O. D. Carpenter Stanley Creek; A. P. Rhyne, Pres Gastonia; R. G. C. Love. President... Mt. Holly; A. P. Rhyne & Co Albion; A. P. Rhyne & Co Nims; M. R. Dewstoe No. of Spin- dles. 832 4,035 8,448 3>30o 4,500 17,000 25,000 2,080 3,100 2,480 5,000 No. of 1,00ms 6,230 2,300 3,500 3,000 1,000 4,4oo| 1,536 5.700 2,100 4,500 3,500 3,000 2,800 14,908 3,800 3,230 2,200 8,700 12,000 11,016 10,000 13,000 1,650 12,000 5,000 5,1841 2,500 6,500 6,100 2,500 2,080 2,080 4,160 10,000 2,800 2,800 2, coo 50 420 278 500 1,328 56 90 395 65 69 440 360 244 180 340 82 100 150 136 *In course of construction. 13 194 North Carolina and its Resources. County and Post Office. Name of Mill, President or Manager. Gaston Mt. Holly Gastod Gastonia Gaston Gastonia. ..... Gaston Gastonia Gaston McAdensville. Gaston Mountain Is. . Gaston King's Mt Gaston King's Mt Gaston King's Mt ... Gaston Bessemer City Gaston Lowell Gaston Stanley Creek Gaston Belmont Gaston Lowell Guilford Highpoint Guilford Kimesville — Guilford Jamestown . . . Guilford Gibsonville. . . Guilford. Gibsonville... Guilford Greensboro. . . Guilford Greensboro. . . Guilford Greensboro. . . Guilford Greensboro. . . Halifax Scotland Neck Plalifax Weldon Halifax Weldon Henderson. . . ,Flat Rock. . . . Henderson. . . .Hen'rsonville. Iredell Turnersburg... Iredell Statesville Iredell Mooresville. . . Lincoln -. .Lincolnton... . Lincoln Long Shoals. . Lincoln Lincolnton... . Lincoln Lincolnton... . Lincoln Lincolnton Lenoir Kinston Mecklenburg .Charlotte Mecklenburg. . Charlotte Mecklenburg. .Charlotte Mecklenburg. .Charlotte Mecklenburg . . Charlotte. . . . Mecklenburg. .Charlotte Mecklenburg. . Charlotte Mecklenburg. .Charlotte Mecklenburg . . Charlotte Mecklenburg. .Charlotte Mecklenburg. .Huntersville.. Mecklenburg. . Davidson Mecklenburg. .Davidson. ... Mecklenburg. .Pineville Moore Jonesboro . . . . Montgomery. . . Milledgeville . Montgomery.. .Milledgeville . Nash Rocky Mount. Tuckaseegee; A. P. Rhyne, President. Modena; J. D. Moore Trenton; G. U. Ragan, Treasurer *G. A. Gray; G. A. Gray McAden; Dr. J. H. McAden Mountain Island; W. J. Hooper & Co. Dilling; F. Dilling Enterprise; W. O. Ware King's Mountain; J. S. Mauney Southern Cotton Mills; J. M. Odell.... Spencer Mountain; J. S. Wilson, Jr... J. G. Morrison Stowesville; T. H. Gaither Gaither Empire Plaid Mills; E.H.C.Field.Tr's Mt. Pleasant; W. M. Kime, Treas. . , Oakdale; J. S. Ragsdale, Treas Mineola; L. S. Holt Hiawatha; B. Davidson ^Proximity; F. J. Murdoch Guilford; (Corporation) Crown Mills; G. D. Devenish, Treas Hocamuga Mills Scotland Neck; A. McDowell *United Industrial Co.; of Roanoke.. *Roanoke Cotton Mills; W. Parker.. Carolina Knitt'g Mills; P.W.Hart & Co Hendersonville Mills; (Hosiery) Turnersburg; Stirapson & Steele, . . . Statesville; W. Wallace Mooresville, J. E. Sherrill Elm Grove, R. S. Reinhart, Treas.... Long Shoals Laboratory; D. E. Rhyne & Co Lincoln; J. A. Abernathy Dearmouth; J. L. Keistler Orion Knitting Mills; J. F. Taylor..., Charlotte; R. M, Gates Atherton ; D. A. Tompkins Ada; M. C. Mayer Victor; Geo. E. Wilson Alpha; C. Scott Highland Park; W. E. Holt *0. A. Robins Co., (Sash Cord) Crowley; John Crowley Louise; H. S. Chadwick Charlotte Oil & Fert. Co. (Batting).. Virgin; Cornelius; J. B. Cornelius Linden; J. P.Monroe Dover; J. P. Wilson Jonesboro; E. F. Acree Yadkin Falls; F. J. Murdoch National Mfg. Co Rocky Mount; Thos. H. Battle No. of Spin- dles. 6,000 4.032 3,100 10,000 15,000 6,250 11,200 2,080 5,000 7,000 6,000 1,664 2,500 1,872 7,000 1,300 2,000 7,644 5,500 6,000 No. of I^ooms 2,500 12,000 1,200 6,000 3,500 3,500 2,080 7,000 5,000 1,500 9,984 10,000 7,920 13,600 6,500 6,000 1,000 10,000 4,800 2,500 5,376 3,000 4,000 6,000 25,000 200 250 320 150 552 80 90 350 112 lOI 120 800 107 180 106 248 500 I ID 100 *Iii course of construction. Cotton Factories. 195 County and Post Office. New Han over.. Wilmington. . Orange Hillsboro Pasquotank Elizabeth City Pasquotank Elizabeth City Randolph Randleman.... Randolph Randleman. . . Randolph Franklinsville Randolph Cedar Falls. . . Randolph Ramsuer Randolph Franklinsville Randolph Worthville Randolph Randleman. . . Randolph Coleridge Randolph Staley Randolph Randleman. . . Randolph Gray Chapel. . Randolph Worthville — Randolph Randleman. . . Randolph Ashboro Richmond Rockingham.. Richmond Laurel Hill. . . Richmond Laurel Hill... Richmond Laurel Hill. . . Richmond Rockingham. . Richmond Rockingham. . Richmond Rockingham. . Richmond Rockingham.. Richmond Rockingham. . Robeson Maxton Rockingham. .Reidsville Rockingham. .Leaksville .... Rockingham . . Mayo Rockingham . . Madis on , Rowan China Grove.. Rowan China Grove. . Rowan Salisbury Rowan. ...... .Salisbury Rowan Salisbury Rowan ..Salisbury Rutherford. ...Henrietta Rutherford Forest City. . . Surry Elkin Surry Elkin. Surry Laurel Bluff. . . Surry Mount Airy.. . Stanly Albemarle Union Monroe. . . Wake Raleigh. . . Wake Raleigh. . . Wake Raleigh.. . Wayne Goldsboro Wilson .Wilson. . . Name of Mill, President or Manager, Wilmington ; Hugh MacRae *Hillsboro Cotton Factory; Hock Co. *Elizabeth City; Dr. McMullen Fowler; S. Fowler Randleman; J. H. Ferree, Treasurer.. Powhattan; J. S. Walker, Treasurer.. Randolph; Hugh Parks, Treasurer. . . Cedar Falls; J. M. Worth Columbia; J. S. Spencer Franklinsville; B. Moffitt, Treasurer.. Worth (No. i); J. M. Worth Naomi Falls; S. Bryant, Treas Enterprise; J. A. Cole, Treas Staley; Randleman Hosiery Mill;S.G.Newlin. Piedmont Hosiery Mill;W. M. Courts. Engleworth; H. M. Worth Plaidville; James. H. Ferree, Treas.... Ashboro Knitt'g Mills; A. C. McAllister Ledbetter; T. B. Ledbetter Richmond; M. Morgan Ida; M. Morgan Springfield; M. Morgan Roberdel; Robt. L. Steele , Pee Dee; W. C. Leak Great Falls; W. I. Everett, Treasurer Midway; Leak, Watt & McRae Steele's; Robt. L. Steele Maxton; W. L. Field Edna; J. W. Arrington *Spray ; Dr. George Mebane Mayoden; W. C. Ruffin, Secretary. Madison ; S. Mead Patterson ; J. W. Cannon Braiding W'ks. S. Littman (Cordage) Rowan Knitting Mills, T. Bearbaum. Salisbury; F. J. Murdoch Vance; F. J. Murdoch Kestler Henrietta (Nos. i & 2); J. S. Spencer. ^Florence ; R. R. Haynes Elkin; T.J. Lillard Chatham Mfg. Co Laurel Bluff; A. J. Thompson Hamburg; L. F. Ross , Efird Mfg. Co. ; J. W. Cannon Monroe; W. C. Heath, Treasurer.. . . Caraleigh; F. O. Moring Pilot Mills; J. N. & W. H. Williamson Raleigh; C. G. Latta , Wayne; Solomon Weil Wilson ; A. Branch No. of ^^ . Spin- No. of dies. I^ootns 8,000 5,000 1,000 5,000 1,800 1,900 3,936 9,400 2,200 12,000 5,000 1,800 1,080 2,500 2,080 5,000 3,024 2,304 6,000 6,112 4,585 2,050 10,304 1,500 10,500 10,080 15,168 1,000 4,160 640 15,250 10,000 5,000 62,000 12,200 1,853 3,122 800 4,100 8,500 7,280 3,000 10,800 3,808 7,200 226 224 68 52 248 40 370 200 70 193 300 300 132 300 300 100 130 503 2,000 40 30 130 264 154 *In course of construction. 196 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. WOOLEN MILLS. County and Post Office. Alamance Snow Camp.. Ashe Helton Buncombe Weaverville., Chatham Patterson, . . . Forsyth Salem Guilford Freeman Haywood Waynesville. Surry Mt. Airy Surry Elkin Surry Mt. Airy.. .. Name of Mill, Owner or President. Dixon; T. F. Mclver Helton; Perkins, Waugh & Co Reems Creek; John Cairns Gwyn Harper Co.; S. F. Harper. .. Salem; F. & H. Fries Freeman's; Bodie & Freeman Richland; D. Drayton, Perry & Co Green Hill; M. J. Hawkins Elkin; Chatham Mfg. Company A. Allred No. of No. of dies. Looms 476 13 312 8 480 20 684 58 12 250 8 425 35 700 30 240 4 COTTON BY=PRODUCTS. Among the most important by-products of cotton is the business of crushing the seed for oil, which is again followed by the value of the meal for both stock food and as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers, and of the hull as a stock food. The seed as they come from the gin are per ton, physically composed about as follows: Short lint 75 pounds Hull ^....915 Oil 300 " Meal 610 " The short lint has a limited sale for use in batting and wadding. The hull is now extensively used as stock feed — it was formerly used as fuel at the mills. The oil is used to make lard, soap, candles, table or "olive" oil, to pack sardines, as a lubricant and for illumina- tion in mines, &c. It is sold through commission merchants in our great cities. The meal is used as a stock food and largely in the manufacture of fertilizers. The hull and meal mixed in proper proportions, make a very nearly complete food for the fattening of beef cattle. Appended is a table showing the distribution of the cotton seed^ fertilizer and bone mills in the State : Cotton Seed, Fertilizer and Bone Mills. 197 COTTON SEED, FERTILIZER AND BONE MILLS. County and Post Office. Carteret, Beaufort Columbus, Wilmington Craven, Newbern Cumberland, Fayetteville.... Durham, Durham Edgecombe, Battleboro Edgecombe, Conetoe Edgecombe, Tarboro Edgecombe, Tarboro Edgecombe, Tarboro Guilford, High Point Guilford, Jamestown Guilford, Jamestown Mecklenburg, Charlotte. . . . Mecklenburg, Charlotte New Hanover, Wilmington.. New Hanover, Wilmington.. New Hanover, Wilmington.. New Hanover, Wilmington.. Pasquotank, Elizabeth City.. Richmond, Laurinburg Richmond, Gibson Station... Rockin-^ham, Reidsville Wake, Raleigh Wake, Raleigh Wayne, Goldsboro Fish Scrap Fertilizers Fertilizers Cotton Seed Oil & Meal. Fertilizers Cotton Seed, Oil & Cake. Cotton Seed, Oil & Cake. Cotton Seed, Oil & Cake. Cotton Seed, Oil & Cake Fertilizers Cotton Seed, Oil & Meal Bone Meal Bone Meal Pert. & Cotton Seed Oil. Cotton Seed Oil & Meal. Fertilizers Fertilizers Fertilizers Cotton Seed Oil & Meal. Cotton Seed Oil & Meal. Cotton Seed Oil & Meal. Acid Phosphates Fertilizers Fertilizers Fert. & Cotton Seed Oil. Fert. & Cotton Seed Oil. Owner or Manager. Bell, Westbrook & Co.. . Acme Mfg. Co E.H.&. J.A.Meadows Co. J. R. Williams Durham Fertilizer Co.... Dr. R. H. Speight N. B. Dawson W.N. Smith E. V. Zeoller F. S. Royster Guano Co.. Joseph Crudup Henry Potter Ragsdale & Smith Charlotte Oil & Fert. Co. N. C. Cotton Oil Co Navassa Guano Co Powers, Gibbs & Co J. F. Garrell&Co N. C. Cotton Oil Co Cotton Seed Oil Co Robt. Covington Marlboro Mill Co Reidsville Fert Co Caraleigh Phos.Fert.Wks N. C. Cotton Seed Oil Co. Goldsboro Oil Co TOBACCO HANUFACTURINQ. This is one of the State's most important industries; it has been, perhaps, the most stimulating in its eflfects upon trade and in develop- ing the energy and enterprise of the people, especially in the towns. Indeed, it may be called the "town-building industry" of the State, amply illustrated in Durham, Winston, Reidsville, Henderson and in many other towns of less prominence, or in less degree attributable to the manufacture of tobacco. There can be no questioning the influence of this industry on the cities named, and all over the tobacco growing area of the State there are busy, thriving villages and communities which owe much to the presence of tobacco in one form or another. It has been a potent factor in building up the fortunes of the people, and will continue to be of great value to the State. As a matter of interest, the following table will show the distribution of the factories in North Carolina. North Carolina and its Resources. TOBACCO FACTORIES. County. Alexander . Alexander.. Buncombe.. Buncombe. . Buncombe . Buncombe . Buncombe . Buncombe . Burke Caswell Caswell . . . . Catawba Cleveland.., Cherokee... Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davie Davidson..., Davidson. ., Davidson . . Davidson, . . Davidson . . Durham Durham . . . Durham. . . . Durham . . . Durham.. . . Durham . . . Durham. . . . Durham . . . Durham . . . Durham . . . Forsyth Forsyth . . . , Forsyth Forsyth . . . Forsyth . . . Forsyth Forsyth . . . , Forsyth. . . , Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth . . . , Forsyth Forsyth. .. Name of Factory and Owner or Manager Taylorsville Tobacco Co., R. P. Matheson. Tobacco Factory; Smith & Beckham Cigars; Asheville Cigar Co Cigars; A. Trifield Tobacco Factory; E. I. Holmes & Co Tobacco Factory; C. C. Mc.Carty , Tobacco Factory; Porter & Yates , Tobacco Factory; Ashworth & Jason Sally Michael Tobacco Co. Laxton Bros... Tobacco Factory; King Bros Tobacco Factory; N. E. Oliver Sherrill's TobaccoCo. ; J. F. Long , Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Cigar Factory; J Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory H. C. Burrus Jno. R. Martin J. G. Peebles H. T. Smithdeal C. D. Ward Sanf ord & Williams Robertson & Son S. A. Jarvis& Co James Sheek Ruf us Bowles J. R. Cornelison H. W. Dulin E. Frost Wm. F. James T. F. Atkinson A. A. Springs A. Leach & Co T. S. Dale & Co Green, Rea & Co R. Everhart Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co.; J. S. Carr . . Morris Manufacturing. Co.; S. F. Tomlinson., American Tobacco Co., W. Duke Sons Co Mallory Durham Cheroot Co Cigars; Sam'l Cramer & Co J, Y. Whitted Tobacco Co., Corporation Lyon & Co., Tobacco Works, Corporation . . . Cigars & Cigarettes; S. R. Carrington Cigars; Lyon & Reed Tobacco Factory, Farmers' Alliance Mfg. Co. Tobacco Factory; Bailey Bros Tobacco Factory; J. A. Bitting Tobacco Factory; Blackburg-Harvey & Co. . . Tobacco Factory; F. M. Bohannon Tobacco Factory; Brown Bros. & Co Tobacco Factory; Bynum & Crutchfield Tobacco Factory; Brown & Williamson. Tobacco Factory; R. L. Candler & Co Tobacco Factory ; Casey & Wright , Tobacco Factory; Casper-Efland-Miller Co.. . , Tobacco Factory; W. S. Clarey & Co Tobacco Factory; Da'ton, Farrow & Co Tobacco Factory; Dalton, & Ellington Tobacco Factory; W. B. Ellis & Co Post Office. Taylorsville. Hiddenite. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Fair View. Morganton. Blackwell. Milton. Catawba. Mooresboro. Cobbs. Elbaville, Advance. Advance. Mocksville. Mocksville Farmington. Mocksville. Farmington. Farmington. Redland. Canna. Farmington. Dulins. Lexington. Thomasville. Yadkin College Yadkin College Arnald. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Durham. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. ■^Vinston. Winston. Winston, Tobacco Factories. 199 County. Forsyth. . . Forsyth. . . Forsyth. . . Forsyth — Forsyth.. . Forsyth — Forsyth . . . Forsyth.. . Forsj'th . . . Forsyth. . . Forsyth . . . Forsyth . • . Forsyth . . . Forsyth . . Forsyth . . Forsyth. . . Forsyth . . . Forsyth. . . Forsyth . . . Forsyth Forsyth. . . Forsyth.. . Forsyth... . Forsyth. . . Forsyth Forsyth. . . Forsyth Forsyth.. . Forsyth. , . , Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth. . . . Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth... . Forsyth... . Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth... . Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth... . Franklin. . Granville . . Granville. . Granville. . Granville . . Granville . . Guilford.. Guilford... Guilford.. Guilford... Name of Factory and Owner or Manager. Tobacco Factory; Hamlen Liipfert & Co. Tobacco Factory; B. F. Hanes Tobacco Factory; P. H. Hanes & Co Tobacco Factory; Ed. Rintels & Co Tobacco Factory; Hodgins Bros. & Lunn. Tobacco Factory; H. B. Ireland & Co ... . Tobacco Factory; Kerner Bros Tobacco Factory; Lockett, Vaughn & Co. Tobacco Factory; S. A. Ogburn Tobacco Factory; Ogburn, Hill & Co Tobacco Factory; M. L. Ogburn Tobacco Factory; Reynolds Bros Tobacco p-actory; R. J. Reynolds & Co.. . Tobacco Factory; Ed. Rintels & Co Tobacco Factory; Taylor Bros Tobacco Factory; T. h. Vaughn & Co Tobacco Factory; Cox & Co Tobacco Factory; O. J. Sheppard Tobacco Factory; Walker Bros Tobacco Factor}'; W. A. Whitaker Tobacco Factory; T. F. Williamson & Co. Tobacco Factory; N. S. & T. J. Wilson.. . Tobacco Factory; W. W. Wood & Co Smoking Tobacco ; Byerly & Son Smoking Tobacco; W. C. Lassiter & Co. . Smoking Tobacco; T. F. Leak & Co Smoking Tobacco; Mosley & Martin Tobacco Works; Central Commercial Co.. Tobacco Works; Ebert, Payne & Co , Smoking Tobacco; Walker Bros Cigars; J. D. King Cigars; Liipfert & Jones , Cigars; V. O. Thompson Cigarettes; Liberty Tobacco Works Cigarettes; Brown Bros & Co Cigarettes; W. F. Smith & Son Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory J. G. Fulton J. F. Shaffner F. A. Crews N. D. Sullivan Greenfield & Galloway. J. M. Greenfield Lowery Sons & Co Leak Bros. & Hasten.. Beard & Roberts J. F. Kerner & Co B A. Brown Shore, Atkins & Co. . . . O. J. Lehman R. R. Holmes Alonzo Mitchell E. L. Harris D. C. Farrawbow J. Walter Howell Elias J. Jenkins W. P. Pickett & Co . H. Snow Cigar Factory; W Tobacco Factory; H. C. Brittain. . Tobacco Factory, Jno. F. Highfill Post Office. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Winston. Goodwin. Salem. Walkertown. Walkertown. Kernersville. Kernersville. Kernersville. Kernersville. Kernersville, Kernersville. Kernersville. Kernersville. Bethania. Franklintown. Wilton. Wilton. Stem. Clay. Zacho. High Point. High Point. Summerfield. Scalesville. 200 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. County. Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Guilford Iredell Iredell Iredell , Iredell Iredell Iredell Iredell t-- Iredell Iredell Iredell McDowell Mecklenburg. Mecklenburg. Nash Nash Orange. Orange. Orange Orange Person Person Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham Rockingham . Rockingham.. Rockingham.. Rockingham.. Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham. Rockingham . Rockingham . Rockingham. . Rockingham . Rockingham.. Rowan Rowan Stokes , Stokes Stokes Stokes Stokes Stokes Name of Factory and Owner or Manager. Tobacco Factory; Ogburn & Co Tobacco Factory; Jno. L. King & Co Tobacco Factory; E. J. & A. J. Stafford Tobacco Factory; Leak Bros. & Hasten Tobacco Factory; Lea & Tate Cigar Factory; S. B. Kersey Cigar Factory; P. C. Heath Cigar Factory; J. A. Hodgin Cigar Factory; W. F. Clegg Tobacco Factory; Irwin & Poston Tobacco Factory; Miller & Clifford. Cigars; Louis Clark Smoking Tobacco; J. H. McElwee Tobacco Factory; Iredell Tobacco Co Tobacco Factory; Rankin Bros. Tobacco Co. . Tobacco Factory; Benson & Plyer Tobacco Factory; Kee & Co Tobacco Factory; H. Clark & Son Tobacco Factory; Ashe & Sons Tobacco Factory; Morgan Tobacco Co Cigar Factory; E. L. Martin Cigar Factory; C. H. Eckstein & Son Tobacco Factory; Atlantic Tobacco Works. . . Tobacco Factory; Rocky Mt. Tobacco Wks Tobacco Factory; N. W. Brown & Bro Tobacco Factory; R. C. Hill Tobacco Factory; H. P. Jones & Co. Tobacco Factory; S. T. Forest Tobacco Factory; J. N. Ranes & Co Smoking Tobacco; Long & Hubbard Tobacco Factory; J. C. & E. B. King Tobacco Factory; D. F. King Tobacco Factory; J. B. Taylor Tobacco Co. . . Tobacco Factory; Wm. Shultz & Co Tobacco Factory; B. F. Ivie Tobacco Factory; Alliance Mfg. Co Tobacco Factory; Joyce, Garrett & Stone Tobacco Factory; W. P. Grogan Tobacco Factory; R. P. Price Tobacco Factory; C. L. Smith Tobacco Factory; Dez. Martin Tobacco Factory; J. W. Maugum Tobacco Factory; Pegram & Penn , Tobacco Factory; F. R. Penn & Co Smoking Tobacco; R. P. PJchardson, Jr Tobacco Factory; R. T. Stone & Co Tobacco Factory; Robert Flarris & Bro Tobacco Factory; Watt, Penn & Co Tobacco Factory; A.H.Motley Co Tobacco Factory ; Johnston Bros Tobacco and Cigar Fac'y; Wm. Lindsay & Co. Tobacco Factory; D. L. Gaskill Tobacco Factory; Holmes & Miller Tobacco Factory; J. R. Jewell Tobacco Factory; A. J. Fair Tobacco Factory; J. G. Fulton Tobacco Factory; M. Smith, Sr Tobacco Factory; D. N. Dalton Tobacco Factory; Culler & Co Post office. Summerfield. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Greensboro. Statesville. Statesville. Statesville. Statesville. Statesville. Statesville. Mooresville. Statesville. Statesville. Statesville. Marion. Charlotte. Charlotte. Rocky Mount. Rocky Mount. Hillsboro. Hillsboro. Hillsboro. Efland. Bethel Hill. Roxboro. Leaksville. Leaks\dlle. Leaksville. Leaksville. Leaksville. Stoneville. Stoneville. Grogansville. Price. Price. Madison. Madison. Madison. Reidsville. Reidsville. Stoneville. Reidsville. Reidsville. Reidsville. Reidsville. Reidsville. Salisbury. Salisbury. Jewell. Walnut Cove. Walnut Cove. Francisco. Dalton. Pinnacle. Tobacco Factories 20I County. Stokes. Stokes. Stokes. Surry . . Surry. . Surry, . Surry. . Surry . Surry. . Surry. ., Surry. . , Surry. . , Surry , . Surry. . Surry. . Surry. . , Surry . . Surry . . Surry. . Surry . . Surry . . Surry. . Surry . . Surry. . , Surry. . , Surry. . , Surry . . Surry. . . Surry. . . Surry . , Surry . . . Surry. . . Surry . . . Surry. . . Surr)'. . . Surry . . Surry . . . Vance . , Vance . Vance . . Wake.. Wake... Wake.., Wake . . Warren Warren. Wayne . , Wilkes. Wilkes. . Wilkes.. Wilkes. Wilkes., Wilkes,. Wilkes.. Wilson.. Yadkin . Yadkin. Yadkin. Yadkin. Name of Factory and Owner or Manager. Post Oflace. Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factor}' Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Tobacco Factory Cigar Factory; W Cigar Factory; Armfield & Co Tobacco Factory; L. J. Key Tobacco Factory; G. L. Matthews ,..■ . Tobacco Factory; H. H. Marion Tobacco Factor)'; Corolina Tobacco Co.. . . Cigars and Cigarettes; D. Aycock Tobacco Factory ; Davis Tobacco Co Tobacco Factory; J. E. Pogue Smoking Tobacco; Jesse G. Ball Cigars; J. M. Norwood Cigars; W. A. Sutton Smoking Tobacco; Bright Belt Tobacco Co. Tobacco Factory; J. D. Scott Smoking Tobacco; Michie Tobacco Co Tobacco Factory ; R. H. Spainhour Tobacco Factory; Gilliam Bros Tobacco Factory; J. C. Green & Co Tobacco Factory; Hall & Davidson Tobacco Factory; W. H. Reeves , Tobacco Factory; Joshua Spicer Tobacco Factory; J. T. Welborn & Co Tobacco Factory; Wilson Tobacco Works.., Tobacco Factory; W. L,. Kelly , Tobacco Factory; E.L. Jarvis , Tobacco Factory; J. E. Zachary Tobacco Factory; James Spear D. W. Dodd Culler & Sons Bernard & Sullivan R. G. Franklin Forkner & Key J. R. Forkner W. R. Doss & Bros Samuel Forkner & Co G. W. Samuels & Co.... J. R. Lewellyn & Co H. Holyfield W. P. Dobson & Co Forkner, Redman & Son. Redman Bros Dix,Flippin & Co V. Boyles' Tob. Co Dobson & Bros E.J. Stone & Son Key, Simmonds & Co. . . . Sparger Bros Ashby's Sons, L. W Forkner, Olive & Co R. L. Gwynn & Bros W. E. Patterson & Co Fulton Bros J. D. Satterfield & Co Prather & Whitlock Wm. C. Moore Hadley & Smith W. L. Moody Lowery, Sons & Co McKinney & Bro . E. Cox , King. , Culler , Culler , Elkin. , Forge. , Forge. , Copeland. , Dobson. . Dobson. , Dobson. , Rockford. Rockford. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Pilot Mountain. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Mt. Airy. Belo. Siloam. Siloam. Henderson. Henderson. Henderson. Raleigh. Raleigh. Raleigh. Raleigh. Warrenton. Ridgeway. Goldsboro. Moravian Falls. Lucile. Clingman. Wilkesboro. Roaring River. Ashboro. Wilkesboro. Wilson. Yadkinville. Yadkinville. Yadkinville. Boonville, 202 North Carolina and its Resources. County. Name of Factory and Owner or Manager. Post Office. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; J. H. Vestal Footville. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; V. S. C. Way Cross Roads Ch. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; W. E. Bovender Tobacco Factory; Morse & Wade Republic. East Bend. Yadkin. . Yadkin Tobacco Factory; R. G. Patterson East Bend. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; Jno. A. Martin East Bend. Yadkin Tobacco Factory ; J. H. Warren Tilden. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; E. C. Kirkman Jonesville. Mount Nebo. Yadkin Tobacco Factory; Vestal & Wooten, niSCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. Scattered all over the State may be found great numbers of small industries, some employing steam, some water power and others worked by hand. These include the manufacture of buggies, carria- ges, wagons, hubs, spokes, handles, furniture, sash, doors and blinds, buckets and leather, and tanneries, grist mills, canneries, ice factories and other industries of miscellaneous character. Comparatively insig- nificant taken singly, but taken collectively showing an aggregate of energy and thrift wholly commendable. Without an attempt to separate or classify beyond designating the county and post ofi&ce where located, the very imperfect list is appended. County and Post Office. Industry and Owner or Manager. Alamance Haw River Alamance Burlington Alamance Burlington Alamance Burlington Alamance Mebane Alexander .... Taylorsville Alexander Taylorsville Alexander Dealsville Alexander Dealsville Alexander Vashti Anson Wadesboro Anson Wadesboro Anson Goodman Anson Cedar Hill Ashe Helton Ashe Creston Ashe Jefferson Ashe Tran.«ou Ashe Treetop Ashe Sussex Ashe Grassy Creek. . Ashe Grassy Creek . . Bertie Aulander , Bertie Aulander Bertie Aulander Bertie Windsor Roller Flour Mills; Granite Mfg. Co. Harness Works; C. C. Townsend & Co. Buggy Works; T. J. Fonville. Roller Flour Mills; S. Ireland & Son. Furniture; White Brothers. Roller Flour Mill; U. S. Alspaugh. Tannery; J. M. Matherson. Tannery; S. M. Deal & Sons. Saddle & Harness Co; J. M. Deal. Spokes & Handles; Campbell & Williams. Wagon and Buggy Factory; D. L,. Saylor & Son> Wagon Works; H. D. Pinkston. Tannery; J. C. Goodman. Wagon Works; Springer & Green. Roller Flour Mill; W. E. Perkins & Bro. Wagons and Buggies; N. J. Lillard. Tannery; Foster Brothers. Tannery; S. M. Transou. Tannery; G. W. Ray & Son. Wagons, Carts, &c.; R. L. Pierce. Tannery; George Collier. Furniture; F. H. Hatch. Wagons and Buggies; W. D. Hoggard. Creamery; A. J. Demming & Son. Wagons and Buggies; Louis Donaldson & Co, Wagons and Buggies; E. S. Dail. Miscellaneous Industries. 203. County and Post Office. Industry and Owner or Manager. Bertie ..Kelford Wagons and Buggies; Parker & Norfleet. Bertie ..Merry Hill Wagons and Buggies; Granby Cooper. Bertie . .Quitsna Spoke & Lumber Co.; O. H. Perry. Gem Canning Co.; W. R. Davis. Bladen . .Bladenboro Bladen . .Council Station. . Turpentine Tools; J. P. Council. Buncombe... . . .Asheville Ice; Asheville Ice Co. Buncombe — . .Asheville Roller Flour Mills; H. I. Collins. Buncombe.. . . . .Biltmore Furniture; G. W. Vanderbilt. Buncombe.. . . .Biltmore Brick and Tiles; G. W. Vanderbilt. Buncombe.. . . . .Candler Roller Flour Mills; J. B. Cole. Tannery; W. B. Cheek. Buncombe... . . .Weaverville Buncombe . .Weaverville Pottery Works; M. Shuford. Buncombe — . .Grace Creamery; W. H. Calvern. Burke . .Morganton Roller Flour and Corn Mill; W. G. Hagan. Burke . .Morganton Wagons and Buggies; J. H. Coffee & Bro. Burke . Morganton Tannery; W. F. Camp, Manager. Bnrke . .Morganton Sash, Blinds, &c.; Morganton Mfg. &Trad. Co^ Cabarrus .... ..Mt. Pleasant Wagon and Buggy Works; Heintz & Lefier. Cabarrus .... • .Concord Roller Flour Mill; Lippard & Barrier Tannery; G. W. Brown. Cabarrus . .Concord Caldwell. . . . . . L/enoir Roller Flour Mills; Moore & Lutz. Caldwell . .Lenoir Land and Lumber Co.; Corporation. Blue Ridge Furniture Co.; E. M. Winsyead. Furniture; Keitz Bros. Caldwell . .Lenoir Caldwell . . Lenoir Caldwell . .Lenoir Blue Ridge Spring & Mattress Co.; J.R. Widby. Sash, Doors and Blinds; P. L. Baker. Caldwell . .Lenoir Caldwell . . Cora Fruit Cannery; A. G. Corpening. Roller Mills; Russell & Moore. Caldwell . .Granite Caswell . .Milton Roller Flour Mills; W. B. Lewis. Caswell ..... . .High Towers. . . . Roller Flour Mills; J. L. Warren. Catawba ..Hickory Piedmont Wagon Co.; F. J. Long. Catawba . .Hickory Tannery; C. Gaither. Catawba . Hickory Tannery; A. S. Abernathy. Catawba . . Hickory Roller Flour Mills; A. Y. Sigmon. Catawba . .Newton Tannery; M.J. Rowe. Roller Flour Mills; Corporation. Tannery; J. J. Smith. Roller Flour Mills; John Setzer. Catawba . .Newton Catawba . .Catawba Catawba ..Clairmont Chatham . .Lockville Roller Flour Mills: John Barringer. Chatham . . . . .Bynums Roller Flour Mills; C. W. Bynum & Bro. Chatham . . . ..Gulf Roller Flour Mills; J. M. Mclver. Roller Flour Mills; O. T. Edwards. Chatham . . . . Ore Hill Cherokee . . . . .Murphy Cannery; Alfred Morgan. Cherokee . . . . .Andrews Cannery; C. M. Watson. Chowan ..Edenton Lumber Mills; J. W. Branning. Clay ..Hayesville Sash, Doors, Blinds, &c.; C. W. Culberson. Clay ..Hayesville Tannery; J.J. Scroggs. Clay . .Hayesville Tannery; Snider & Hill. Clay . .Hayesville Tannery; W. E. Angle. Clay . .Hayesville Tannery; A. B.Thompson. Clay . .Hayesville Wagons, Buggies, &c.; G. T. Cheek. Clay . .Hayesville Furniture; R. M. Webb. Clay . .Hayesville Wagons & Buggies; John Palmer. Clay . .Tusquittee Wagons and Carts; W. H. Poteat. Clay . .Sweet Water. . . . Wagons and Carts; T. R. Griffin. Clay Cleveland. . . . . Irena Wool Carding and Cleaning; W. S. Ledford- Tannery; A. T. Cansler & Rhyne. . .King's Mountain. Cleveland . . . • .King's Mountain. Roller Flour Mills; W. O. Wair & Son. Cleveland . . . . .King's Mountain. Wagon Works; George Cornwell. 204 North Carolina and its R^sourc^s. County and Post Oifice. Cleveland Shelby Cleveland Shelby Cleveland Shelby Cleveland ..... Laundale . . . , Cleveland Sharon Cleveland Ivattimore . . , Cleveland Bellwood . . . Cleveland Bellwood . . . Cleveland Polkville . . . Columbus Hub Craven New Bern . . Craven ....... .New Bern. . . Craven New Bern... ■Craven New Bern.. . Craven New Bern. . . Craven New Bern.. . Craven New Bern... Craven New Bern.. . Craven New Bern... Craven New Bern... Craven New Bern... Craven New Bern. . Craven New Bern . . Craven New Bern . . Craven New Bern . . Craven .New Bern . . Craven ..New Bern .. Craven New Bern . . Cumberland. . .Fayetteville Cumberland . Cumberland . Cumberland Cumberland , Cumberland , Cumberland Cumberland , Cumberland , Cumberland , Fayetteville . . .Fayetteville , . .Fayetteville , . ..Fayetteville. . ..Fayetteville. . ..Fayetteville. ...Fayetteville. . . Fayetteville . ..Fayetteville. Cumberland. . ..Fayetteville. Cumberland.. ..Fayetteville. Cumberland ... .Fayetteville. Currituck Moyock Davidson Lexington . . Davidson Lexington . . Davidson. , . Lexington . . Davidson Lexington . . Davidson Lexington . . Davidson Lexington . . Davidson Fairmount . . Davidson Jackson Hill Davidson Thomasville. Davidson Thomasville. Davidson , Thomasville . Davidson Thomasville. Davidson Tyro Shops . Davidson Linwood . . . . Davidson Denton Davie Mocksville . . JDavie Mocksville . . Industry and Owner or Manager. Roller Flour Mills; S. Hoard. Roller Flour Mills; B. Blanton. Wagons and Buggies; J. W. Lineberger. Fruit Cannery; W. C. Lee. Fruit Cannery; J. W. Bowen. Implements, &c.; W. T. Calton & Co. Tannery; P. M. Knatt. Tannery; W. Hoyle. Tannery; T. Elliott. Butters Lumber Co.; H. Butters. Ice; B. S. Guion. Lumber; Congdon & Co Lumber; Stimson & Co. Lumber; J. B. Clark. Lumber; W. B. Ellis. Lumber; J. S. Basnight, Lumber; J. L. Moody. Lumber; W. B. Blades. Roller Flour Mill; J. A. Meadows. Carriages and Buggies; H. Wingfield. Barrel Factory; Jones Manufacturing Co. Elm City Barrel Factory, B. B. Neal. Barrels, Crates, &c.; George Bishop. Castings, &c., W.J. Boyd. Shuttle Block Works; C. L. Ives. Lumber; Broadus & Ives. Lumber; S. E. Sullivan. Gaskill Mattress Co.; F. T. Patterson. Castings, &c.; J. N. Emmett. Castings, &c.; Thomas Ward. Furniture; Newberry & Son. Shuttle Blocks; L. A. Weeden. Woodenware; C. S. Taylor. Carolina Machine Mfg. Co. ; Russell Bros. Ice; J. B. Starr. Oak Barrels, R. M. Nimocks. Turpentine Tools; Walter Watson. Cedar Works; A. A. McKeithan, Jr. Buggies and Wagons; A. A. McKeithan, Jr. Bent-wood Works, Coil Hoops; J. P. Denny. Cross Creek Mfg. Co, (Wood). D. Rose. Mattresses; C. R. Van De Car. Roller Flour Mills; Grimes Brothers. Wagons; Rothrock Brothers. Roller Flour Mills; M. K. Gray. Castings, &c.; C. A. Thompson. Sash, Doors and Blinds; Wm. Frank. Furniture; Plummer & Gray. Roller Flour Mills; Smithy Spain. Tannery; J. M. Badgett. Roller Flour Mills; T. S. F. Lambeth; Coffins; Petree & Riles. Chairs; D. S. Westmoreland & Son. Furniture; J. H. Lambeth. Roller Flour Mills; Owens & Co. Roller Flour Mill; S. Spain. Roller Flour Mill & Wool Carding. Roller Flour Mills; Horn Bros. & Johnson. Lumber; Denny, Owens & Co. Miscellaneous Industries. 205r County aud Post OflSce. Industry and Owner or Manager. Davie Davie ..Mocksville . .Farmington . . Advance Copper Stills; W. A. Weant. Roller Flour Mills; A. W. Ellis. Sash, Doors and Blinds; A. C. Wood. Davie . .Cana Roller Flour Mills; J. W. Etchison. Spokes and Handles; Green & Son. Crate Factory; T. B. Pierce. Crate Factory; J. W. Mallard, Soap Works; Corporation. Roller Covering Co.; Corporation. Carriages and Buggies; Seeman & Son. Carriages and Buggies; R. T, Howerton. Golden Belt Bag Factory; Corporation. Wooden ware; Corporation. Cannery; J. T. Pinnix & Co. Wooden ware; L,ee & Wheeler. Davie . .Cana Duplin Duplin Durham . . Warsaw . .Faison . .Durham Durham . . Durham Durham . .Durham . .Durham . .Durham Durham . .Durham . . Durham Durham . . Durham Durham Durham Durham Edgecombe. . Edgecombe... Edgecombe . . Edgecombe.. Edgecombe . . Edgecombe.. Edgecombe . . Edgecombe . . Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsvth . .Durham . - South Lowell • .Willardsville . .Tarboro Ice; W. W. Whitted. Roller Flour Mills; Corporation. Roller Flour Mills; Cox & Christain. Carriages and Buggies; M. L. Hussy. Carriages and Buggies; J. T. Hyatt. Chewing Gum; J. W. Powell. Creamery; C. H. King. Creamery; J. W. Powell. Creamery; L. ly. Staton. Flag Marsh Creamery; T. H. Battle. Dunbar Creamery; R. H. Battle. Tobacco Casing Machinery; Corporation. Roller Flour Mills; D. L. Shore. Wagons; S. W. Farrabee. Machinery; Kesler Bros. Wood Workers; Miller Bros. . .Tarboro ..Tarboro . .Tarboro . .Tarboro . .Rocky Mount . .Rocky Mount . . W^inston . .Winston . . W^inston . .Winston . . Winston . .Winston Wagons and Carts; S. J. Nissen. Wagons and Carts; Spaugh Bros. Pumps; C. H. Tise Buggies and Coaches; J. A. White & Son. Tiles and Brick; Winston Brick & Tile Co. . .Winston . .Winston . .Winston . . W^inston . . . Winston Cigarette Machines; Cigarette Machine Co. Builders of Wood Work; Fogle Bros. Fruit and Vegetable Cannery; C. F. Jenkins. Broom Factory; C. F. Jenkins. Metal Cornice W'ks;Senseman & Brickenstein. Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsvth . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem Machinery; C. A. Hege & Co. Carriages and Buggies; F. C. Meinung. Chairs and Tables; Holland & Weisner. . .Salem Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsvth . .Salem Wagons and Carts; C. F. Nissen & Co. Wagons and Carts; G. E. Nissen & Co. . .Salem . .Salem Tobacco Boxes; Spaugh Bros. Woodworking Machinery; J. A. Vance. Pipes, Earthenware &c.; D. T. Crouse. Coffins and Furniture; F. C. Vogler & Son. . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem . .Salem Roller Flour Mill; F. & H. Fries. Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Forsyth Fors}'th Forsyth . .Blakely Roller Flour Mill's; Eugene A. Conrad. Wagon Works; W. A. Stoltz. Roller Flour Mills; J. F. Miller. Roller Flour Mills; E. T. Kapp. Wood Manufacturing Co.; Lewis & Huff. Cannery; Edwards & Stone. Wagons and Buggies; Peadry& Phillips. Tannery; I. Herner. . .Bethania . .Bethania . .Bethania . .Kernersville . .Kernersville . .Kernersville . .Kernersville 2o6 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. County and Post Office. Industry and Owner or Manager. Forsyth Kernersville Forsyth. , . . . . .Kernersville. . . . Forsyth. . . . . . .Kernersville Forsyth. . . . . . .Walkertown Franklin. .. . . . . lyaurel Franklin.. . . . . . . Laurel Gaston . . . .Stanley Creek. . . Gaston ...Mt. Holly Gaston . . .Belmont Gates . . . . Gatesville Gates . . .Adair Gates . . .Sunbury Guilford.. . . . .Pomona Guilford ... . . . Gibsonviile Guilford.... . . .Gibsonviile Guilford . . . . . .Gibsonviile Guilford . . . . . . .Gibsonviile . . Guilford . . . . . .Brown's Summit. Guilford . . .Liberty Store. .. . Guilford . . . . . . Colfax Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford ...High Point Guilford.... ...High Point Guilford... ...High Point Guilford... .. .High Point.. .. Guilford . . . ...High Point Guilford ... ...High Point Guilford... . . . .Greensboro Guilford.... . . .Greensboro Guilford.... . . .Greensboro Guilford.... . . .Greensboro Guilford . . . . . .Greensboro Guilford.... . . .Greensboro Guilford... Greensboro Guilford . . . .. Greensboro Guilford . . . ... Greensboro Guilford . . . .. . Greensboro Guilford . . . .. . Greensboro Guilford. . . . . .Greensboro. Guilford... . . .Greensboro Guilford.... . . .Greensboro Guilford. . . . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . .Greensboro Guilford . . . . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . .Greensboro Guilford... Greensboro Guilford .. . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . . .Greensboro Guilford... . . . .Greensboro Guilford... Greensboro Roller Flour Mills; Wm. Helper. Roller Flour Mill; H. E. Harman. Wagons and Buggies; B. Y. Clark. Tobacco Boxes, &c.; Leight Bros. Creamery; J. F.Jones. Wagons and Buggies; J. F. Jones. Cannery; R. M. Johnson. Roller Flour Mills; R. M. Jenkins. Cannery; Hall & Stone. Carriages and Buggies; W. H. Standin. Carriages and Buggies; J. H. Brooks. Wagons, Carts, &c.; Pierce & Speight. Sewer Pipes, Tilings, &c.; J. Van Lindley. Sash, Doors and Blinds; W. C. Michael. Roller Flour Mills; O. L. Huff. Cannery; J. V. Wagoner. Tannery; Thomas Overman. Doggett Roller Flour Mill; A. Hines. Tannery; J. J. Busick. Cannery; Cude Brothers Sash, Doors and Blinds; W. C. Michael. Roller Flour Mills; Teague & Horney. Sash, Doors, Blinds, &c.; R. F. Dalton. Furniture; T. F. Wrenn. Furniture; J. H. Willis. Furniture; W. H. Ragan. Furniture; J. H. Tate. Castings, &c.; O. U. Richardson. Chair Factory; J. B. Best. Mattresses and Lounges; J. C. Callum, Spokes and Handles; J. Elwood Cox. Furniture; J. P. Redding. Cannery (Fruit and Veget'ble); J.B.Best &Bro. Cotton and Fruit Baskets; W. H. Snow. Roller Flour Mills; North & Watson. Roller Flour Mills; T. J. Willis. Roller Flour Mills; Causey & Lewis. Furniture; Greensboro Furniture Company. Wagons, Carts, &c.; C. E. Landreth. Hogsheads, Boxes, &c.; R, W. Brooks. Mattresses, Sofas, &c.; J. C. Callum. Stoves, Agric'lt'ral Imp.,&c.; G. Sergeant &Co. Steel and Iron Furnace; J. M. Worth. Castings, Mach'y, &c.; G. T, Glasscock & Son Ice; Wm. E. Worth. Ice; L. S. Barnes. Eagle Foundry and Mch. Wks.; W. J. Teague. Sash,Doors,Blinds &c;W. D. Mendenhall & Co. Southern Varnish & Paint Co.; Corporation. Sash,Doors, Blinds, &c.; J. R. Mendenhall & Co. Spokes and Wood Works; Scott & Eldridge. Brick and Tile; Greensboro B. & T. Co. Spokes and Handles; B. H. Merrimon. Cannery; Gilmer & Smith. Cannery; G. L. Anthony. Cannet-y; John Tucker. Carriages, Buggies, &c.; Lewis & Huff. Cultivators; Gilmer, Trexler & Phipps. Sash, Doors, Blinds, &c.; Stock Company. Miscellaneous Industries. 207 County and Post Office. Guilford Colfax Guilford Guilford College. Guilford Guilford College. Halifax Hobgood Halifax Scotland Neck . . . Halifax Scotland Neck. . . Halifax Weldon Halifax Tillery... Harnett Dunn Harnett Dunn Harnett Dunn Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waynesville Haywood Waj-nesville Haywood Clyde Henderson Zirconia Henderson Dana Henderson Flat Rock Henderson Hendersonville. . Henderson Hendersonville. . Henderson Hendersonville. Henderson Horse Shoe Hertford Murfreesboro. . . Hertford Winton Hertford Winton Hertford Winton Hertford Union Hertford Tunis Hertford Tunis Hyde Fairfield Hyde Swan Quarter . . Hyde Englehard Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Statesville Iredell Mooresville .... Iredell Mooresville .... Iredell Mooresville .... Iredell Cool Springs . . . Iredell Eagle Mills Iredell Scotts X Roads. Iredell Scotts Iredell Troutman's .... I^enoir Kinston Lenoir Kinston Lincoln Lincolnton .... Lincoln Lincolnton .... Lincoln Lincolnton .... Lincoln Lincolnton .... Lincoln Lincolnton .... Lincoln Lincolnton . — Industry and Owner or Manager. Cannery; Cude Brothers. Leather and Shoe Co.; S. W. H. Smith. Harness and Leather; George Edgerton. Cannery; E. P. Hyman. Southern Sweet Gum Co.; W. H. White & Co. Buggies, &c.; J. E. Woodward. Roanoke Corn Mill; Navigation & Water-P-Co. North Carolina Lumber Co.; Mr. Turner. Plows, Castings, &c.; J. A. McKoy Co. Wagons, Carts, &c.; W. D. Thornton. Southern Paige Mfg. Co.; A. R. Wilson. Wagons and Carts; McKeehan & Co. Spokes, Handles, Pins, &c.; B. F. Smathers. Barrels, Pumps, Staves, &c.; W. H. Cole. House Furnishing Material; C. E. Satterwait. Insulator Pin Factory; Hellams & Ellis. Cheese and Butter; A. Howell. Tannery; W. A. Herrin. Roller Flour Mills; Morgan & Killiam. Handles, Spokes, Rims, &c. ; W. T. Davis & Co. Blue Ridge Canning Co , P. T. Ward & Co. Carolina Canning Co.; P. W. & R. R. Hart. Sash, Doors, Blinds, &c.; T. W. Bennett & Co. Tannery; Taylor & Williams. Cannery; J. P. Shepard. Cannery; W. B. Ledbetter. Agricultural Machinery; F. Furguson. Buggies, Wagons, &c.; H. B. Vann. Buggies, Wagons, &c.; C. Banks & Co. Lumber; W. P. Taylor. Buggies, Wagons, &c.; H. F. Duke. Lumber; Chowan Lumber Co. Lumber; J. A. Isham. Buggies and Carts; W. A. Williams. Buggies and Carts; George Hodges. Furniture; G. T. Burrus. Roller Flour Mill; Stimson & Co. Buckets, Boxes, Tubs, &c.; C. L. Wagoner. Tannery; S. A. Sharp. Tannery; J. T. Allison. Creamery; Dr. J. J. Mott. Spokes, Handles, &c.; Stock Company. Roller Flour Mills; Mott & Sullivan. Roller Flour Mills; Templeton, Williams & Co. Tannery; W. C. Patterson. Shoes and Harness; W. A. Wilson. Garden Valley Roller Mill; Turner & Holeman Roller Flour Mills; J. E. Stimpson. Roller Flour Mills; Morrison & Co. Roller Flour Mill; Henry Gilbert. Roller Flour Mills; J. S. Troutman. Buggies; Ellis & Randolph. Buggies, Carriages, &c.; C. Randolph. Pioneer Roller Flour Mills; A. Costner. Indian Creek Roller Mills; Rudisil & Son. Castings and Implements; F. H. Turner. Fruit and Vegetable Cannery; J. T. McLain. Sash, Doors and Blinds; W. W. Motz. Furniture; William Motz. 2o8 North Caroi^ina and its Rksources. County and Post Office. Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Macon Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Madison Madison Madison McDowell McDowell . . . , McDowell. . . . McDowell. . . . Mecklenburg. . Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg. . Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg. . Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg. , Mecklenburg... Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Mecklenburg.. Montgomery.. . Montgomery... Montgomery., Montgomery. , Lincolnton . . .Lincolnton . . • Lincolnton . . .Lincolnton . . . .Ellijay .Williamston. . .Everetts Robersonville. Parmele Hamilton .... Hamilton .... . Marshall . Marshall . , . , . .Halewood . . . .Marion ..Marion .Marion .Marion .Charlotte .Charlotte . Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte . Charlotte .Charlotte .Charlotte . . . . .Charlotte .Charlotte . Charlotte .... .Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ..Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Charlotte ...Hopewell . . . . ...Hopwell ...Bristow ...Croft ...Caldwell ..Troy ...Troy ...Mt. Gilead... ...Mt. Gilead... Industry and Owner or Manager. Castings; Carry &Babbington. Mica Mill; Samuel Lander. Furniture; Edward James. Roller Flour Mills; T. J. Ransom & Son. Furniture; John Ammons. Furniture; Martin & Biggs. Lumber; Martin Lumber Co. Buggies; Robersonville Buggy Works. Parmele-Eccleston Lumber Co. Barrel and Hoop Factory; J. P. Boyce. Carriages, &c.; Slade & Jones. Roller Flour Mills; W. B. Rumsey. Roller Flour Mills; J. W. Roberts. Roller Flour Mills; M. Bruce. Tannery; Blanton & Co. Furniture; D. R. Roper. Tannery; Dysart & Co. Locust Pins; J. N. McNaughton. Machine Works; Liddell & Co. Tompkins Machine Shop; D. A. Tompkins Co. Mecklenburg Iron Works; John Wilkes. Batting Works; F. Oliver, President. Mofifitt Machine Shops; J. R. Pharr. Machine Shops; Park Manufacturing Co. Furniture; J. A. Elliott. Broom Company; J. Roessler, Agent. Card Clothing; James Leslie. Loom Reeds and Harness; Lazelle, R. & H. Co. Leather Belting; J. P. Wilson. Bagging and Ties; Margolins & Co. Flour Mills; Julian & Thompson. Iron Fronts and Furnaces; I. N. McCousland. Sash, Doors and Blinds; R. E. Cochrane. Mantels & Interior Fin.; Asbury & Finger. Roller Covering Works; D. A.Tompkins. Mantels & Interior Finishing; F. W. Ahrens. Cotton Mill Machinery; D. A. Tompkins Co. Cheese and Butter; J. M. Davis. Candies; J. Fasnach. Spokes, Handles and Rims; J. H. Carson. Candies; J. W. Lewis. Ice; A. J. Hagood. Saddles and Harness; Shaw-Howell Harn. Co. Wagons and Buggies; W. S. Wearn. Brick and Drain Pipes; W. H. Houser. Mattresses; E. M. Andrews. Blacksmith's Bellows; J. H. Weddington. Star Broom Factory; A Brown. Harness and Saddles; W. E. Shaw. Fruit Cannery; D. I. Sample. Fruit Cannery: J. S. McElory. Fruit Cannery; W. M. Kerns. Fruit Cannery; W. D. Alexander. Roller Flour Mills; J. V. Bost. Roller Flour Mills; J. L. Hall. Sash, Doors and Blinds; B. C. Beckwith. Tannery; F. McAuley. Cofl&ns and Furniture; J. A. Lisk. Miscellaneous Industries. 209 County and Post Office. Montgomery. ...Mt. Montgomery. . .Mt. Gilead Montgomery. . .Eldorado Montgomery. ...Eldorado Montgomery Star Moore Southern Pines. Moore Carthage Moore Carthage Moore West End Moore Sanford Moore Sauford Moore Sanford Moore. Sauford Moore Aberdeen Moore Aberdeen Moore Aberdeen Moore Aberdeen Moore Aberdeen Moore Jonesboro Moore Jonesboro Nash Battleboro Nash Rocky Mount . . . New Hanover.. .Wilmington ..Wilmington .. . . ..Wilmington .. . . ..Wilmington . . . . .Wilmington . . . . Industry and Owner or Manager. New Hanover. New Hanover. New Hanover. New Hanover. New Hanover. ..Wilmington New Hanover. ..Wilmington New Hanover.. .Wilmington New Hanover.. .Wilmington New Hanover.. .Wilmington New Hanover.. .Wilmington New Hanover... Wilmington New Hanover... Wilmington New Hanover... Wilmington New Hanover... Wilmington New Hanover. .Wilmington New Hanover.. .Wilmington New Hanover. .Wilmington New Hanover. .Wilmington New Hanover. . Wilmington New Hanover. .Wilmington Northampton . . Woodland Northampton . .Jackson Northampton.. .Jackson Orange Hillsboro Orange Hillsboro Onslow Jacksonville Onslow Jacksonville .. . . Pamlico Bayboro Pamlico vStonewall ....... Pamlico Oriental Pasquotank Elizabeth City. . . Pasquotank. . . .Elizabeth City. . . Pasquotank Elizabeth City . . . Pasquotank Elizabeth City. . . Pasquotank Elizabeth City. . . Pasquotank Elizabeth City. . . 14 Gilead Wagons and Buggies; Mr. Blalock. Steam Flour Mill; Fo McAuley. Tannery; N. M. Thayer. Shoe and Harness Co.; N. M. Thayer. Roller Flour Mills; B. L. Allen. Crates and Baskets; Fred Chandler. Carriages and Buggies; Tyson & Jones. Lumber; Walter Mills. House Builders' Supplies; W. E. Lumber Co. Sash, Doors and Blinds; J. W. Scott. Furniture; Scott & Lemon. Casting and Machines; M. M. MofEtt. Carriages and Buggies; O. M. Kelly. Lumber; R. N. & H. A. Page. Lumber; Adams & Co. Lumber; J. Rollins. Wagons, Carts, &c.; Aberdeen Mfg. Co. Castings and Implements; Aberdeen Foundry. Agr. Implements & Machinery; Kelly Bros. Pottery, Tiling, Drain Pipes; T. N. Campbell. Creamery; T. B. Braswell. Creamery; R. H. Ricks. Broom Factory; J. P. & L. Taylor. Roller Flour Mills; Honey & Harper. Engines, Boilers & Agr.Machinery; H. A. Burr. Creosote; Carolina Creosote Company. Roller Flour Mills; W. P. Oldham. Ice; Wni. E. Worth & Co. Harness; Fennell Harness Co. Sash, Doors and Blinds; Fore & Foster. Castings and Machinery; Burr & Bailey. Wood Alcohol, &c.; Imperial Pine Product Co. Carriage and Wheel Works; W. P. Boney & Co. National Rice Milling Co.; Norward Giles. Oyster Canning Co.; T. D. Meares Carriages and Buggies; P. H. Hayden. Carriages and Bugj I,ynchburg & Durham Division. ) Moore County Raleigh and Western SuffolK and Carolina Suffolk Lumber Company Warrenton Wilmington, Newbern & Norfolk. Wilmington Railway Bridge Co.. Wilmington Sea Coast Winton Total 1,171,51 Mileage 43.87 15.86 10.33 6.29 12.30 113.53 10.72 105.18 35.71 20.38 665.47 16.00 4.00 29.75 10A26 22.40 355 90 21.60 29.00 26.00 66.24 8.00 3.00 8.00 8.58 9.00 3.50 7,00 64 53 13.25 6i.07 33.34 3.12 49.66 43.57 12.50 7.00 LOO 25.50 9.00 3.12 90.49 2.40 11.81 15.00 5.00 Valua- tion per Mile 4,500 9,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 10,000 3,000 9,000 4,000 10,000 1,750 2,000 2,250 5,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 1,250 l.OOu 4,000 2,500 3,100 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 3,000 2,000 6,500 5,000 1,500 100 1,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 3,500 3,000 2,000 500 Value of Track. 197, 142 30, 12 24, 1,135, 32, 946, 143, 203, Rolling Stock. 17,420 00 4,334 84 24,058 00 00 OOi 43,000 58 $4,438,890 00 $603,448 5, 28,000 00 \ 74,937 50 511,300 00 112,000 00 1,779,500 00 43,200 00 36,250 00 26,000 00 264,960 00 20,000 00 9,300 00 16,000 00 17,160 00 18,000 00 5,250 00 14,000 00 193,590 00 53,000 00 372,420 ) 97,020 ] 6,240 00 322,790 00 217,850 00 18,750 ) 700 ) 1,000 00 63,750 00 23,500 00 6,240 00 316,715 00 80,000 00 35,430 00 30,000 00 2,500 00 3,000 00 14,105 00 64,450 00 19,774 90 225,540 00 3,800 00 4,000 00 6,150 00 75,205 00 Other Property. 5,800 00 2,500 00 450 00 200 00 400 00 23,375 00 Total Valuation. 220,635 00 149,564 94 31,440 00 12,780 00 25,000 00 1,460,245 00 13,800 00 1,016,638 00 4,420 f'O 147,260 00 2,900 00 249,700 58 5 80,575 00, $5,122,913 52 200 00 2,400 00 43,350 00 750 00 36,250 00 1,2 0 00 2,865 00 12 335 00 1,525 00 2,7.50 00 3,200 00 2,800 00 9,815 00 3,100 00 111,853 00 1,330 00 16,072 52 19,3)6 77 5,280 00 10,605 97 7,000 00 2,500 00 43,560 00 4,000 00 8,350 00 6,500 00 1,000 00 1,350 00 325 CO 7,000 00 2,330 00 600 00 40,300 00 17,479 00 4,731 00 342 00 922 50 700 00 20,670 00 200 00 150 00 31,200 00 91,442 50 619,100 00 132,534 90 2,041,390 00 48,200 00 40.250 00 32,150 00 346,665 00 21,000 00 13,515 00 28,365 00 18,685 00 21,075 00 8,450 00 23,800 00 205,725 00 56,700 00 621,593 00 7,560 00 356,341 52 241,797 77 25,072 00 1,000 00 75,278 47 29,500 00 9,440 00 380,945 00 80,000 00 39,630 00 41,000 00 $4,816,353 50 $884,203 16 $188,739 50 $5,689,293 16 Telegraph Companies— Poles, Wires and Batteries. Valuation. Western Union Telegraph Company $ 176,392 24 Atlantic Postal Telegraph Company 31,645 48 Carthage Telegraph Company 210 00 Pittsboro Telegraph Company 250 00 Louisburg Telegraph Company 230 00 Norfolk and Southern 975 00 United Telegraph Company 120 00 Cleveland Springs Telegraph Company 50 00 Oak Ridge and Stokesdale Telegraph Company 210 00 Elizabeth City and Norfolk Telegraph Company.... 1,090 00 Lenoir and Blowing Rock Telegraph Company 480 00 Swepsonville Telegraph Company 225 00 Carolina Postal Telegraph Company 205 00 Wilmington and Southport Telegraph Company... 500 00 Total $212,602 72 Pullman Palace Car Company 81,043 66 2l6 North Carolina and its Resources. STSAMBOATS.-OWNERS. Moccasin River Steamboat Cotnpaay Cape Fear River Towing and T. Company Albemarle Steam Navigation Company Pamlico Towing Company Home Transportation Company Fairfield Canal Company A. W. Styron Styrons Transportation Company Cashie Steam Navigation Company J. G.and F. Wood Fleetwood and Jackson Farmer's Co-operation Company New Bern Lumber Company D. W. Raper& Company Dixon & Dixon David Styron Old Dominion Steamship Company Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Company M. E. Sutton Jno. W. Harper Walter Taft W. H. ward " '. Black River Steamboat Company Cape Fear River Transportation Company J. T. Harper Chas. Wessell Branning Manufacturing Company New Bern and Snow Hill Steamboat Company. Chas. Z,. Ives J. T- Lassiter J. C, Whitty Roanoke and Tar River Steamboat Company Lake Drummond Canal and Water Company Wilmington Steamship Company Fairfield and Elizabeth City Transportation Company J. H. Riley A. J. Gatliu Kinds of Property. Steamers Steamers , Steamers , Steamers , Steamers Canal Property , Steamers , Steamers , Steamers Steamers Steamers... , Steamers Steamers Steamers , Steamers Steamers Steamers and Wharves. Canal Property Steamers Steamers , Steamers Steamers , Steamers , Steamers Steamers Steamers Steamers Steamers Steamers Steamers and Wharves... Steamers Steamers Canal Property Steamers Steamers Steamers Steamers Total Assessed. Value. ? 1,500 00 21,000 00 1,000 00 i,i;oo 00 3,000 00 6,453 00 500 00 4,000 00 1,000 00 3,500 00 1,200 00 850 00 400 00 800 00 500 00 600 00 42,0(10 00 100,000 00 1,000 00 8,000 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 7,100 00 6,200 00 3,000 00 700 00 6,000 00 1,000 00 800 00 1,300 00 1,000 00 6,500 00 i,eoo 00 50,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 $289,003 00 Recapitulation of Statement A — Atlantic Coast Line System 716.91 miles, valuation, , Southern Railway 1,062.69 miles, valuation, Seaboard Air Line 665.47 miles, valuation, Miscellaneous 1,171.51 miles, valuation, 3,616..58 miles. Pullman Palace Car Company Steamboats Telegraph Companies , 6,658,426 93 7,031,264 01 5,122,913 00 5,689,295 16 $ 24,501,899 62 81,043 65 289,003 00 212,602 72 $ 25,084,548 99 NEWSPAPERS. There are semi-monthly, monthly and yearly publications in North Carolina, but here it is only intended to present a list of newspapers, circulated in daily, semi-weekly and weekly editions. Newspapers. 217 COUNTY. Alamance Graham Alamance Burlington Anson Wadesboro Anson Wadesboro Alleghany Sparta Alexander Taylorsville Beaufort Washington Beaufort Aurora Beaufort Washington Beaufort Washington Bertie Windsor Brunswick Southport Buncombe Asheville Buncombe Asheville Buncombe Asheville Burke Morganton Cabarrus Concord Cabarrus Concord Caldwell Lenoir Caswell Yanceville Caswell Milton Catawba Hickory Catawba Hickory Catawba Newton . . , Carteret Beaufort Chatham Pittsboro Cherokee Murphy , Cherokee... iMurphy Chowan 'Edenton Cleveland 1 King's Mountain. Cleveland Boiling Springs . Cleveland Shelby Cleveland Shelby Columbus Whiteville Columbus Viueland Columbus Whiteville Craven New Bern Craven New Bern Cumberland . . . Fayetteville . . . . Cumberland . . . Fa3'etteville Davidson Lexington Davidson Thomasville Davie Mocksville Durham Durham Durham .\ Durham Durham Durham Durham Durham . Bdgecombe. . . . Tarboro Forsyth Winston Forsyth Winston Forsyth Winston Forsyth Kernersville Franklin Franklinton Franklin Louisburg Gaston Gastonia Granville Oxford Greene Ormondsville Guilford Greensboro Guilford Greensboro Name of Paper. Alamance Gleaner Weekly Burlington News Daily and Weekly Wadesboro Messenger Weekly Wadesboro News Weekly Alleghany Star Weekly Index Weekly Washington Progress Weekly The Progressive Age Weekly Washington Gazette Weekly Evening Messenger Daily Windsor Ledger Weekly Southport Leader Weekly Asheville Citizen Daily and Weekly Morning Gazette Daily Western Carolina Advocate Weekly Morganton Herald Weekly Concord Times Weekly Daily Standard Daily and Weekly Lenoir Topic Weekly Caswell News Weekly Chronicle Weekly Hickory Mercury Weekly Press .... Weekly Nev/ton Enterprise Weekly Beaufort Herald Weekly Chatham Record Weekly Murphy Bulletin Weekly Cherokee Scout Weekly Courier .... Weekly Progressive Reformer Weekly Rural Reformer Weekly Shelby Aurora Weekly Cleveland Star Weekly Columbus News Weekly Star of Columbus. Weekly The Sun Weekly Journal Daily Journal Weekly North Carolina Baptist Weekly Fayetteville Observer. . . .Daily and Weekly Davidson Dispatch Weekly Thomasville News Weekly Davie Times. Weekly Durham Daily Sun Daily Morning Herald Daily Durham Weekly Globe Weekly Durham Recorder Weekly Tarboro Southerner Weekly Union Republican , Weekly Sentinel Daily and Weekly Southern Tobacco Journal Weekly Silver Advocate Weekly Franklinton Weekly Weekly Franklin Times Weekly Gastonia Gazette Weekly Public Ledger Weekly Free Will Baptist Weekly The Record Daily and Weekh' The Patriot , Weekly 2lS North Carolina and its Resources. COUNTY. Guilford Guilford Guilford '. Halifax Halifax Harnett Harnett Haywood Haywood Haywood Henderson . . . . Hertford Iredell Iredell Iredell Jackson ....... Jackson Johnston Lenoir Lincoln Lincoln Macon Martin Mecklenburg/v Mecklenburg... Mecklenburg... Mecklenburg... Mecklenburg. . Mecklenburg... Mecklenburg. . Mitchell Moore Moore Moore Moore McDowell McDowell Nash Nash Nash New Hanover.^^. New Hanover.; New Hanover.. New Hanover.. New Hanover. . Northampton... Orange Orange Orange Onslow Pasquotank.. . . Pasquotank. . . . Pasquotank.. . . Pasquotank. . . . Person Perquimans. . . Perquimans. . . Pitt Pitt Town. Greensboro Greensboro High Point Weldon Scotland Neck. . Dunn Dunn Waynesville Waynesville... . . Clyde Hendersonville. . Murf reesboro .... Statesville Statesville Mooresville Sj'lvia Webster Smithfield Kinston Lincolnton. . . .,. Lincointon Franklin Williamston Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte.. Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte .... Bakersville Carthage Aberdeen Jonesboro Sanford Marion Marion. Rocky Mount . . . Rocky Mount. . . Whitakers Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Wilmington Lasker Hillsboro Hillsboro Chapel Hill Peanut Elizabeth City... Elizabeth City... Elizabeth City... Elizabeth City... Roxboro Hertford Hertford Greenville Greenville Name of Paper. Christian Advocate Weekly Carolina Methodist Weekly Enterprise .W^eekly Roanoke News Weekly The Commonwealth Weekly Central Times Weekly County Union , Weekly Western North Carolina Baptist. . . .Weekly Waynesville Courier Weekly Clyde Register Weekly The Times Weekly Index Weekly The Mascot Weekly The Landmark Semi- Weekly The Toiler Weekly Tuckaseegee Democrat Weekly The Herald , Weekly Herald Weekly Free Press Semi-Weeki}' Lincoln Courier Weekly Lincoln Democrat Weekly Franklin Press Weekly Martin County Sun Weekl}^ Charlotte Observer Daily and Weekly The Messenger Weekly Charlotte News Dai^y Mecklenburg Times Weekly Register Weekly Africo-American Presbyterian Weekly Charlotte Democrat Weekly Times Weekly Carthage Blade Weekly Aberdeen Telegram Weekly Progress Weekly Sanford Express Weekly Free Lance Weekly Marion Herald Weekly Argonaut Weekly Phoenix. ... Weekly The Rattler Weekly Review Daily Messenger Daily and Weekly Dispatch Daily Morning Star Daily and Weekly North Carolina Presbyterian Weekly Patron and Gleaner Weekly Orange County Observer Weekly Hillsboro Recorder Weekly Tar Heel Weekly Onslow Blade Weekly Elizabeth City News Weekly North Carolinian Weekly Economist-Falcon Weekly Fisherman and Farmer Weekly Person County Courier Weekly Perquimans Record Weekly Eastern Courier Weekly King's Weekly Weekly Eastern Reflector Daily and Weekly Newspapers. 219 COUNTY. Town. Randolph... . Richmond. . . Richmond. . . Richmond. . . Robeson Robeson Robeson Rockingham. Rockingham., Rockingham.. Rockingham.. Rowan Rowan ...... Rowan Rutherford. . Sampson .... Sampson .... Stanly Stokes Stokes Surry Surry. ...... Swain ....... Swain Tr.msylvania , Union , Union , Union , Vance , Vance Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Wake Warren , Warren Washington.. . Watauga Wayne , Wayne , Wilkes Wilkes Wilkes , Wilson Wilson , Ashboro Rockingham Rockingham Rockingham Maxton . . . . , Maxton Lumberton Reidsville Reidsville Reidsville Leaksville Salisbury Salisbury Salisbury Forest City Clinton Clinton Albemarle Culler Danbury Elkin Mt. Airy Bryson Cit}' Bryson City Brevard Monroe Monroe Beaver Dam Henderson Henderson. Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Raleigh Warrenton Warrenton Plj'mouth Boon Goldsboro Goldsboro North Wilkesboro. North Wilkesboro. Wilkesboro Wilson Wilson Name of Paper. Ashboro Courier Weekly The Rocket Weekly Spirit of the South Weekly Southern Index Weekly Maxton Blade Weekly Scottish Chief Weekly Robesonian Weekly Webster's Weekly Weekly The Review Weekly Reformer Weekly Leaksville Gazette Weekly Truth Weekly Star of Zion Weekly The Evening World Daily Ledger Weekly Sampson Democrat Weekly Caucasian Weekly Stanly News , Weekly North Carolina Voice Weekly Danbury Reporter Weekly Elkin Times Weekly Yadkin Valley News Weekly Herald Weekly Bryson City Times Weekly Transylvania Hustler Weekly Monroe Enquirer Weekly Monroe Journal Weekly Our Home . . Weekly Gold Leaf Weekly The Hustler Weekly Progressive Farmer Weekly Biblical Recorder Weekly Press— Visitor , Daily The Gazette Weekly Christian Sun W^eekly North Carolinian Weekly News and Observer Daily and Weekly The Lodge Weekly Weekly The National Outlook Weekly State Republican Weekly Caucasian Weekly The Record Weekly Warrenton Gazette Weekly Roanoke Beacon Weekly Watauga Democrat Weekly The Headhght Weekly Argus Daily and Weekly North Wilkesboro News Weekly The Hustler Weekly Chronic! e Weekly Wilson Times Weekly- Wilson Advance Weekly 220 North Caroi^ina and its Resourcks. POPULATION. This is a topic of interest to the people of North Carolina from the marked fact of their present homogeneousness, excepting, of course the important and large element of the African race, and the small and inferior remnant of the aboriginal Indian, still in possession of a large territory in the western part of the State, and the still smaller body of half-breeds, known as the Croatans, occupying a portion of Robeson county, and believed, fancifully or otherwise, to be the descendants of the members of the lost colony of Captain John White, the first effort at permanent settlement made by Anglo-Saxon whites on the American continent. The whites of this State, now so intermingled and blended by intermar- riage and industrial intercourse as to present between them few distinctive traits of their origin, are the descendants, mediately or immediately, of the dominant Kuropean races coming directly to our shores, but more largely the off-shoots of the northern colonies grown populous and powerful enough to indulge in that early development of the American characteristic, love of change and adven- ture, or the more practical motive of bettering their condition by the acquirement of new lands, unrestricted in limit, of nearly nominal cost, and with the fame of unbounded fertility and unequalled salubrity. Of those coming direct to our shores, the immigrating colonies were small and infrequent. After the efforts of colonization on the waters of the north-eastern section of the State, in 1584, under the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh and his successors, had failed, a long interval passed away before decided or successful effort was made to plant other colonies on our shores. Among the more ambitious and well considered schemes was that of Sir John Yeamans, who, about the year i659-'6o, landed within the mouth of the Cape Fear river a body of several hundred colonists of English birth or descent, from the island of Barbadoes. A settlement at about the same spot had pre- viously been made by adventurers from New England, who thus made this section favorably known, and who eventually abandoned it, disappointed in over-wrought expectation. In like manner the colony of Sir John, or the larger body of it, moved first to Port Royal, in South Carolina, and subsequently to the spot where they founded the present city of Charleston, but leaving behind them the impress of a good name and a high character, permanently stamped and mani- festing itself upon their descendants in the present city of Wilmington and other points on the lower Cape Fear. Population. 222 In 170Q, the Baron De Graffenreid, with a colony of Swiss, estab- lished himself at the confluence of the rivers Neuse and Trent, and there founded the present city of New Bern — a settlement destined to be permanent, but of slow growth, and receiving few farther acces- sions from the native land of the founder. A small colony of Huguenots found a refuge from persecution in the same section, but, beyond the impress of their principles and their names, contributed only in small degree to the settlement of North Carolina. Perhaps the largest body of native Europeans coming approxi- mately at one time, and constituting a distinctive foreign element, was the Scotch or Highland colony, which occupied the country along the upper waters of the Cape Fear, now know as the counties of Bladen, Cumberland, Moore, Robeson, Richmond and Harnett. These came, some voluntarily, most of them by compulsion, after the disastrous defeat of Culloden, in 1746. They have also blended with the other European families, but still retain in marked degree their national characteristics of piety, morality, and care of education. The lyords Proprietors, through their influence and inducements offered, added to the population, which, however, came in singly or in small groups and increased slowly, though early in the colonial history making the Coastal Plain region the most populous in the State. The other chief elements of settlement were refugees from reli- gious persecution in Virginia, who gradually filled up the north- eastern peninsula around the waters of Albemarle sound and contiguous territory. In process of time, bodies of immigrants arrived from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, hearing of the rich lands and fine climate of the upper country. Some bodies of these were of German descent. A still larger body was Scotch-Irish. Both planted themselves in harmonious contiguity from Orange county on the east to Catawba county — as that county became eventually known — along the rich bottoms or the finely timbered uplands of the Eno, the Yad- kin and the Catawba rivers, and became the foundation of that population destined to prove in coming years its love of liberty, its hostility to oppression, its indomitable courage, its wakeful care of education, its intense religious fervor, its energies and its industry; a population, withal, so widely diffused as to have been greatly instru- mental in forming the character of the North Carolinian by the domi- nation of these leading traits and qualities. The location of his large colony of Moravians by Count Zinzen- dorff, in 1754, in the present county of Forsyth, is the only instance of attempted complete isolation, of the seclusion of an entire colony, 222 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. and the culture of peculiar ideas and creeds — ideas and creeds more in harmony with the real aim and ends ot a pure Christianty than human philanthropy has often aimed to put in practical force. This, like all other colonies, has in process of time blended with the great mass, but with the distinct and triumphant survival of its nobler characteristics — benevolence, integrity, devotion to morality, religion and education, and that untiring energy which brought prosperity to the wilderness colony, and future increase of growth and wealth to those fine towns, Salem and Winston, the matured or rather still grow- ing and maturing outgrowth of the simple, pious, un-ambitious, reli- gious Moravian colony. Of the negro population it sufi&ces to say that it is chiefly descended from the slaves captured in former years in Africa, and introduced into the South by English, Dutch, and, in later years. New England slave-ships. Importation of slaves into North Carolina was very rare after the beginning of this century. The increase, therefore, has been from natural causes, a genial climate, a humane public system and the kindly temper of the owners, a temper softened as much by humanity — very often by affection — as it was influenced by interest. Through these combined causes, the negro population increased until it early attained the ratio to that of the whites it has held and still holds — about one-third of the whole. Since the emancipation of the race, the policy of the State government, sustained by a just and humane public sentiment, has done everything consistent with the existence of insuperable and ineradicable ethnical antagonisms, to efface all the badges of former slavery. The negro has all the rights of the citizen, and is secured and protected in the exercise of them with the same jealous safe- guard of the law as the white citizen. He testifies before the courts without question as to race competency; he accumulates, if he will, property, personal and real; he is admitted on the same terms with the whites to the practice of the learned professions; he has the amplest freedom in the exercise of his religious beliefs, and the most absolute control in his ecclesiastical affairs. His infirm, the deaf, the dumb, the blind and the insane, are cared for by the State in institutions, proportionately to the number of patients, as large, as well built, as costly, and as well supervised by competent heads, as those of the whites. His education is well provided for, and though he pays a little more than one-third of the poll-tax, and one-thirtieth of such property tax as is assigned to the maintenance of the school fund, his allotment of that fund is in proportion to population, not to that of race contribution. Population. 223 The Indian portion of the population is confined to the mountain counties of Jackson, Swain and Graham. They are a rem- nant of the tribe which was removed in 1836 to the trans-Mississippi reservation, and which obtained the consent of the government to be exempted from the decree of expatriation. They were allotted in the counties above named a tract of about 100,000 acres, and left in the enjoyment of their former habits and customs. They are for the most part christianized, and speak both English and their native tongue. They are peaceable and generally law-abiding, but do not accumulate property, are only industrious enough to meet daily wants. There are about 1,800 of them, and they increase slowly. Of the Croatans of Robeson count}^, little definite can be said. Their origin is involved in doubt, though it is clear that they form a mixed and distinct class of the blended Indian and white races. These people are provided by the State with their separate schools, and they take great interest in the education of their children. The total population of North Carolina, by the last census, was 1,617,947. These are divided as follow: Whites, 1,049,191; colored, 567,170; Chinese and Japanese, 15; Indians (exclusive of the Croa- tans), 1,571. The normal rate of increase is about 250,000 each decade, but during the last few years considerable immigration from the north and northwest has come to the State, and it will be entirely within bounds to estimate for the present (1896) population at not less than 1,750,000 It is interesting to note that the same census puts the entire for- eign-born population of the State at 3,742. This illustrates the homogeneousness of the mass of population. No immigration from foreign countries comes directly to North Carolina, but the immigra- tion mostly coming into the State, and which is mostly desired, comes from New England, the Middle and Northwestern States. Following is a table, showing the population by counties, made up from the last census: Whites. Coi^ored. Totai<. Alamance , 12,688 5,583 18,271 Alexander 8,588 842 9)430 Alleghany 6,061 462 6,523 Anson 10,237 9>790 20,027 Ashe 15,033 595 15,628 Beaufort , 11,869 9,203 21,072 Bertie 7,885 11,291 19,176 Bladen 8,646 8,117 16,763 Brunswick 6,139 4,76i 10,900 Buncombe 28,640 6,626 35*266 224 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. Whites. Colored. Totai,. Burke ,... 12,378 Cabarrus 12,683 Caldwell 10,737 Camden 3,347 Carteret 8,528 Caswell 6,639 Catawba 16,073 Chatham 17,214 Cherokee 9)655 Chowan 4,010 Clay 4,055 Cleveland 17,301 Columbus 11,804 Craven , 7,i75 Cumberland. . „ 14,952 Currituck 4,73i I^are 3,362 Davidson 18,174 Davie 8,769 Duplin 11,600 Durham , 10,712 Edgecombe 8,513 Forsyth 19.433 Franklin 10,755 Gaston , 12,927 Gates 5,539 Graham 3,i37 Granville 12,122 Greene 5,281 Guilford 19,820 Halifax ,....> 9,614 Harnett 9,453 Haywood 12,829 Henderson 11,211 Hertford 5,906 Hyde 4,962 Iredell 19,516 Jackson 8,680 Johnston 19,917 Jones 3,885 Lenoir 8,517 Lincoln 10,028 McDowell 9,114 Macon 9,436 Madison 17,095 Martin ..., 7,838 Mecklenburg. 23,141 Mitchell 12,252 Montgomery 8,982 2,561 14,939 5.459 18,142 1,561 12,298 2,320 5.667 2,297 10,825 9.389 16,028 2,616 18,689 8,199 25,413 321 9.976 5,157 9,167 142 4.197 3.093 20,394 6,052 17,856 13,358 20,533 12,369 27,321 2,016 6,747 406 3,768 3,528 21,702 2,852 11,621 7,090 18,690 7,329 18,041 15,600 24.113 9,001 28,434 10,335 21,090 4,837 17,764 4,713 10,252 176 3,313 12,362 24,484 4,758 10,039 8,232 28,052 19,294 28,908 4,247 13,700 517 13,346 1,378 12,589 7,945 13.851 3,941 8,903 5,946 25,462 832 9.512 7,322 27,239 3,518 7,403 6,362 14,879 2,558 12,586 1,825 10,939 666 10,102 710 17,805 7,383 15,221 19,532 42,673 555 12,807 2,257 11,239 Population. 225 Whites. Moore 13.985 Nash 12,186 New Hanover 10,089 Northampton 9,224 Onslow 7>392 Orange 9'705 Pamlico 4)767 Pasquotank 5,201 Pender 5,967 Perquimans 4,719 Person 8,251 Pitt 13,192 Polk 4,807 Randolph 21,848 Richmond 10,989 Robeson - 16,629 Rockingham 15,197 Rowan 17,142 Rutherford 15,073 Sampson 15,960 Stanly 10,629 Stokes 14,386 Surry 16,926 Swain 5,652 Transylvania 5,368 Tyrrell 3,ooo Union 15,712 Vance 6,434 Wake 26,093 Warren 5,880 Washington 4,961 Watauga 10,180 Wayne 15,115 Wilkes 20,633 Wilson 10,884 Yadkin 12,421 Yancey 9,^97 State total 1,055,382 Colored. 6,494 8,521 13,937 12,018 2,911 5,243 2,379 5,547 6,547 4,574 6,900 12,327 1,095 3-347 12,959 14,854 10,166 6,981 3,697 9,136 1,507 2,813 . 2,355 925 513 1,225 5,547 11,147 23,114 13,480 5,239 431 10,985 2,042 7,760 1,369 293 Total. 20,479 20,707 24,026 21,242 10,303 14,948 7,146 10,748 12,514 9,293 15,151 25,519 5,902 25.195 23,948 31,483 25,363 24,123 18,770 25,096 12,136 17,199 19,281 6,577 5,881 4,225 21,259 17,581 49,207 19,360 10,200 10,611 26,100 22,675 18,644 13.790 9,490 562,565 1,617,947 RELIGION. The religious denominations of North Carolina stand upon absolute equality in respect to the laws. The vigorous temper of the people during Colonial days in resisting the imposition of a State religion has never relaxed; and the absolute severance of churr^h and 16 226 North Carolina and its Resources. State became a cardinal and inviolable principle in the assumption of popular sovereignty. The laws and the constitution extend no special favor to creed or denomination, assuring freedom to all who worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences. The following table, carefully calculated by those in authority in the several denominations, will serve to show the names of the denominations and the number of communicants or members in each for the year 1895-96: Methodist Episcopal Church South, (white). . . 129,040 Methodist Episcopal Church Southj (colored).. 17,000 African M. E. Zion, (colored) 121,000 Methodist Protestant , 16,416 Methodist Episcopal Church, [Northern] (col.) 7,200 Quakers (or Friends) 5,466 Lutherans (white) 16,000 Lutherans, (colored) 1,000 German Reformed Church 3,200 Moravians , 3,829 Presbyterians 30,292 Associate Reformed Presbyterians, (white). . . . 2,300 Christians, (O'Kellyites) 14,508 Episcopalians 9,000 Baptist, (Missionary, white and colored) 265,579 Baptist, (Anti-Missionary) 9,75o Baptist, (Campbellites) 6,000 Baptist, (Free Will) 20,081 Baptist, (Free Will, colored) 19,000 Roman Catholics, (white) 3,800 Roman Catholics, (colored) 200 GOVERNHENT AND TAXATION. The government of North Carolina is a pure democracy. It is based upon the will of the people as expressed in the Constitution, an instrument framed by them in their sovereign capacity through delegates appointed for that purpose. The will of the people of this and of each State, when thus expressed, and in conformity to the Constitution of the United States — for the will of the people of each State is subordinate to the collective will of the people of all the States — is the supreme law. The State Constitution thus made is the measure and test of all laws passed by the I^egislature, and these laws must stand or fall by their agreement or disagreement with it. Gov:eRNMENT AND TAXATION. 227 The Constitution is a short instrument but wide in its scope and bearing. It contains a brief statement of the fundamental principles of civil and individual liberty, creates the different departments of government — Executive, lyCgislative and Judicial — and prescribes the powers of each; establishes educational, charitable and penal institu- tions; directs wiio shall be liable to duty in militia; and prescribes the rights of citizenship. The Legislature enacts laws. The Judiciary passes upon them when a question arises as to their constitutionality, and expounds them when a question is presented as to their meaning. The execu- tion of the law is intrusted to the Executive. The Executive in this State possesses no veto upon the acts of the Legislature. When the law is once made, his duty, as that of every other citizen, is obedi- ence in his sphere. The rights of citizenship are the only points for consideration here; and these depend upon age, residence and previous citizenship. A citizen of a foreign country can make himself a citizen here by becoming a resident; declaring before the proper tribunal his purpose to become a citizen; and taking the prescribed oath of allegiance. A citizen of any other of the United States becomes a citizen here by changing his residence from that State to this. All persons who are born and continue to reside within this State are citizens thereof. The chief privilege of citizenship is suffrage. The Constitution ordains that, "every male person born in the United States, and every male person who has been naturalized, twenty-one years old, or upward, who shall have resided in this State twelve months next preceding the election, and ninety days in the county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed an elector." Citizenship under the Constitution of North Carolina, carries with i\ high and important rights apart from suffrage. It confers a right to an education by the State, such as will qualify the citizen for the duties to be performed. If he be without property, it gives him a right to support from the county, if incapable of earning it by sick- ness or old age. If he has property and is overtaken by irremedial misfortune, it exempts from execution personal property to the value of five hundred dollars, and vests in the owner in fee-simple the home- stead and the dwellings and the buildings used therewith not exceed- ing in value one thousand dollars, to be selected by him. The unfortunate have thus a secure refuge in case of disaster in business. It regulates taxation by providing that the General Assembly levy- ing a tax shall state the object to which it is to be applied, and enjoins 228 North Carolina and its Resources. that it be applied to no other purpose. It establishes an equation between the property and the capitation tax by directing that the capitation tax levied on each citizen shall be equal to the tax on property valued at three hundred dollars in cash. The capitation tax is levied on every male inhabitant in the State over twent5^-one and tinder fifty years of age, and shall never exceed two dollars on the head. The effect of this limitation upon the capitation tax restricts the tax on each hundred dollars worth of property to sixty-six and two- thirds cents. It further directs that the amount levied for county purposes shall not exceed the double of the State tax, except for a special purpose and with the approval of the I,egislature. The rate of State tax now levied for the present year is twenty- one and two-thirds cents on one hundred dollars valuation, besides eighteen cents for school purposes, and three and one-third cents for pensions. In addition there are taxes levied on certain pursuits, industries and interests devoted to certain purposes, some in aid of the general school fund, some for interest on public debt. The following statement from the State Auditor's Report for the year ending November 30, 1895, sets forth the aggregate number and value of the various subjects of taxation in the State, and the gross amount of the State, school and county taxes derived from the same. State Taxes. Number. Valuation. 27,602,376 acres of land ..$115,081,323 00 ^5253,178 91 70,219 town lots 43,006,74100 94,61483 152,343 horses , 6,862,28400 i5>097 03 115,038 mules 5,698,82500 12,53742 860 jacks and jennies 45.833 00 100 83 36,850 goats 32,90100 7238 621,188 cattle 4.543.55500 9.99582 1,198,027 hogs 1,778,92400 3.91364 376,052 sheep 361,72300 79579 Farming utensils, &c 12,323,37500 27,11143 Money on hand or on deposit 3,576,726 00 7,868 79 Solvent credits 18,924,24000 41,633 33 Stock in incorporated companies. . . 3,310,92400 7,28403 Railroads, steamboats, telegraph and express companies 25,084,548 99 62,711 37 Privilege taxes 55.454 27 All other personal property 18,932,527 00 41,651 5^ Total valuation 1259,564,449 99 $634,021 43 ScHOOi< Taxes. 167,300 white polls $250,458 85 63,931 colored polls 94,436 58 Bankstock 5,17725 Government and Taxation. 229 Railroad property 39i205 99 General property — white 363,258 68 General property — colored 12,861 92 From other sources 1 1 1 00 Total school taxes $765,510 27 County Taxes. County purposes 1693,809 12 Special county taxes. 345.558 64 Total county taxes $1,039,367 76 The executive power of tlie State Government is vested in a Governor and a Lieutenant Governor, elected by the popular vote for the term of four years, the Governor ineligible for two successive terms; an Attorney General, a State Treasurer, an Auditor, a Secre- tary of State, and a Superintendent of Public Instruction, all of whom are eligible for re-election. The legislative department, also elected by the popular vote, elected for the term of two years, and holding biennial sessions. The Senate consists of fifty members, and is presided over by the lyieuten- ant Governor of the State, and the House of Representatives, of 120 members, presided over by a speaker elected from aiLong the mem- bers of the same. The sessions are limited by the Constitution to sixty days, but may be prolonged on emergency, but with suspension of the/i?r diem pay. Extra sessions may be called by the Governor should urgent cause make it necessary; but such sessions are limited to twenty days, but may be extended farther, under the limitations of pay that govern the regular sessions. The Judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, presided over by a Chief Justice, and, in conjunction with four Associate Justices, forming the highest court in the State. The Justices are elected for a term of eight years, and are eligible to re-election. The Circuit or Superior Court is composed of twelve members, elected by the people of a like number of districts, and are elected for the same length of term and the same eligibility to re-election as the Justices of the Supreme Court. In addition to these are two criminal circuits, embracing a few counties each, having original jurisdiction in all criminal matters originating in their respective circuits, but having none in civil causes of action. The above, together with the magistrates' courts, having juris- diction over small sums and minor offences, and the Boards of County Commissioners, having supervision over the direction and administra- tion of county affairs, constitute the Judicial system of North Carolina. 230 North Carolina and its Resources. STATE DEBT. The State's bonded debt, at present, stands as follows: New 4 per cent Consolidated Bonds $3>347)75o 6 per cent. N. C. R. R. Construction Bonds. . . 2,720,000 Total bonded debt $6,067,750 The interest on the 4 per cent, bonds is due semi-annually, in January and July, and is paid upon presentation of coupons, out of special taxes levied for the purpose. The interest on the 6 per cent, bonds is provided for out of the rental coming into the State Treasury from the N. C. railroad. The Amount of this 6 per cent, interest per annum is |i63,2oo The rental coming from State's stock in the N. C. R. R. lease has been 180,012 For six years it is to be , . . . 210,014 Then for 93 years finishing out the 99 yrs. lease 225,015 The total interest then will be: On 4 per cent, bonds, per annum 133,910 On 6 per cent, bonds, per annum 163,200 Total interest 1297,110 The State owns $136,750 of the 4 per cent, bonds, and the State Board of Education, $143,250 of the 4 per cent, and $2,000 6 per cent, bonds, as an investment. There are old refundable bonds still outstanding, which will require $270,910 new 4 per cent, bonds, provided they shall be pre- sented before January i, 1897, at which time the law expires. The 6 per cent, bonded debt, $2,720,000 was incurred for the construction of the North Carolina railroad, which is in great part owned by the State. The income from the dividends realized by the road is not only sufficient to pay the interest but leaves a surplus, which is regularly funded from 3'ear to year, the aggregate of which will extinguish the debt at the maturity of the bonds. This debt does not now impose nor will it in the future impose, one cent of tax- ation upon the people of the State. The first amount, $3,347,750, therefore represents the entire debt for which the property of the State is subject to be taxed. The total valuation of real and personal property in North Caro- lina is, according to the auditor's report for 1895, $259,564,449.99. But the valuation of property in this State is known to be much Geologic Survey. 23 1 below its real value. Taking, however, the valuation as given in the auditor's report, it will be seen that a very small tax is required to meet the annual interest on the 4 per cent, bonds, amounting to only $133,910 per annum. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The North Carolina Geological Survey, as at present organized, was authorized by the General Assembly in 1891, and in May, of the same year. Professor Joseph A. Holmes was commissioned as State Geologist, The object of the survey was two fold, as expressed in the act creating it: "the thorough examination of the nature and extent of the mineral and timber resources of the State." During the first years after his appointment. Professor Holmes devoted his ener- gies to the gathering of the unpublished information of former Geol- ogists— Emmons and Kerr — many of the results from both having been lost by not being published; and in connection with this a large amount of exploration was found necessary before entering more directly upon the special new work contemplated by the framers of the law. After this reconnoisance work, he associated with him an able corps of assistants, and has issued the following bulletins: Iron Ores; Gold Deposits; Road Materials and Road Construction; The Forests, Forest Lands and Forest Products; Forest Fires; Monazite and Monazite Deposits; Corundum and Basic Magnesian Rocks, and besides these he has in preparation or in press the following additional Bulletins: Building Stone in North Carolina; Timber Trees; Water Powers; Gold Mining in North Carolina; Drinking Water Sup- plies; Clay Deposits and Clay Industries; Mica Deposits and Mica Mining; Mineral Waters; I^ist of Elevations and an Historical Sketch of North Carolina Scientific and Economic Surveys, and Bibliography of North Carolina Geology and Mineralogy. These Bulletins are mailed to those desiring information on the special subjects treated, on receipt of the postage; address the State Geologist, at Chapel Hill, or Raleigh, N. C. The progress of the work has been most gratify- ing and the appreciation of its usefulness is steadily growing among the people of the State. 232 North Carolina and its Resources. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. North Carolina being essentially an agricultural State, it is but natural to find provision in the State Constituion for an Agricultural Department, which is fully sustained by legislation wholesome and wise. The existence of the department amply demonstrates the breadth and determination of the intelligence of the State to elevate its chief industry to its rightful dignity and prominence as an avocation. The Department has a peculiar and a particular work, a work devoted to the promotion of the interests of the agricultural masses; the broadening of their opportunities and guaranteeing them protection from the purchase of fraudulent fertilizers. The laws governing and directing the State Board of Agriculture have been changed from time to time, bringing it in closer touch with the people and rendering it more effective in the discharge of its duties relating to the fertilizer control, the analytical part of which is done by the Experiment Station under its direction. Its equipment of suitable and conveniently arranged buildings is ample; its revenue is sufficient for its present needs, and its powers abundant. The Agricultural Department came into existence with the sanction of popular sentiment and under the shield and protection of the public law, and stands not only as a monument to the enlightened spirit of the age, but a beacon light of hope and encouragement to that great fundamental interest which, more than all others, has been the victim of neglect, the least consideration of statesmanship. The Department occupies a building in the city of Raleigh, arranged so as to be specially adapted to its many uses and, in the prosecution of the work assigned to it it has done — and this will suffice to illustrate its usefullness — what is expressed in the words of another: "It has saved to the State thousands of dollars annually, it has induced investments of large amounts in the mines, forests and agricultural lands of the State, and has developed the phosphate beds, the oyster grounds, and the mineral deposits and coal fields of the State; it has gathered statistics and published valuable books descrip- tive of the whole State, and distributed them so wisely- that this is among the best advertised States; and has, as its last and greatest effort, the organization of the successful College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts." In its relation to the former it has been, and con- tinues to be, of inestimable value to the farmer. For as in the advancement of agriculture into the ranks of a science, so was there enormous application of the presumably scientifically compounded Agricultural Department. 233 artificial fertilizers. Here was opened a wide and gaping door to fraud, which tbe Department was empowered to step forward and close. This has been done so vigorously, watchfully and effectively that fraudulent fertilizers are banished from the market, trust- worthy brands have replaced them, and at the same time a great reduction in the cost has been made. The Board of Agriculture has been the most potent factor in bringing the advantages of soil and climate and the natural resources of the State to the notice of the world. It has been faithful and true to the trust imposed by law and it has led in every move looking to the development of the State and the prosperity of its people. Mr. S. I/. Patterson is the Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, and Mr. T. K. Bruner is the Secretary and Auditor. The Department is in a sense, a "bureau of information" for the State, and all inquiries addressed to the Commissioner touching agri- culture, lands, immigration, natural resources, or upon any subject inviting to investment in the State, will be promptly answered with the best information at hand. THE STATE MUSEUfl. The State Board of Agriculture has enlarged and perfected the State Museum. This was made possible by the wise provision of the Act of the Assembly in 1891 which provided that all nonperishable material used by the State in its presentation of resources at the great Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, should revert to the Board for the purpose of adding to its then small collection. Thus has the Board had the first substantial aid from the State in this work, and very wisely has it been administered. The Board also has the hearty co-operation of the State Geological Survey in the museum work, especially in those divisions devoted to metalliferous ores, minerals and building stones. Prof. J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, and T. K. Bruner, Secre- tary of the Board of Agriculture, are the Custodians, and Mr. H. H. Brimley, Naturalist, is the Curator in charge of the rooms. The entire second floor of the Agricultural Building is now devoted exclusively to this purpose — there is a Geological room, a Forestry room, an Agricultural room, a Natural History room and a room devoted to photographic representation of some of the State's notable features of scenery, fisheries, forests, farms, trucking, naval stores and other objects and industries. 234 North CaroIvIna and its Rksources. The rooms are handsomely furnished with oak cases; the floors comfortably carpeted and the whole steam-heated. In material and arrangement, there is no collection south of Washington to compare with it. The contents of these several rooms are classified and arranged with reference to giving the greatest facility to the student, sight-seer, or investor. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIflENT STATION. The functions of the Station are two-fold. First, as a fertilizer control station, and second, as an agricultural experiment station in the broadest sense of the word. It is under the control of the Board of Agriculture. It was established in 1877, ^^^ was the first Experiment Station in the Southern States, and the second in America. Its first work was in the control of the fertilizer trade by a chemical analysis of the ferti- lizing ingredients offered for sale, thus preventing fraud and causing the manufacturers to furnish the materials they claimed to sell. It continues to occupy this position for the protection of all classes of farmers, and it is safe to say that in twenty years of its existence it has saved the farmers of the State many millions of dollars by prevent- ing the sale of such adulterated and worthless fertilizers. In the early years of its life, chemical investigations were its main work. Besides analyzing fertilizers, it also examined thousands of samples of marls, mucks, soils, cotton seed products, phosphates, waters, home-made composts, miscellaneous fertilizing ingredients and chemi- cals. It has spread broadcast hundreds of thousands of its publica- tions, giving information on almost every subject connected with agriculture. It thoroughly examined the natural phosphate deposits of the State, thepyrite deposits, the by-products of the rice industry, of cotton and tobacco products, also the jute and sugar beet industry, and others of importance. I,ater on an experimental farm was added to the agencies at work. Then a State Weather Service was organized as a part of the Station, and various benefits were secured such as the foreknowledge of frosts and cold waves, and miscellaneous weather conditions. There are various divisions of the Station, in which are trained experts. Some of the principal subjects studied in these divisions are here mentioned: The Chemical Division includes all chemical work of the Station, such as are embraced in the fertilizer control, also the analysis of milk. EXPERIMENT STATION — FARMS AND LABORATORIES. Agricultural Experiment Station. 235 butter, food and fodders, marls, phosphates, mucks, soils, chemicals, waters, etc. The Agricultural Divisions embraces work done in the field, stable, and dairy, and tests varieties of wheat, oats, cotton and corn, grasses, clovers and other forage plants. The value of fodders and grasses, ensilage, cotton-seed products for fattening and maintenance, and the digestibility of different food stuffs are determined by actual feeding trials. In dairy work, various implements are tested, improved methods tried, with the view of extending the dairy industry through- out the State, recognizing that the judicial keeping of stock is the salvation of our people. The Botanical Division tests the purity and vitality of field and garden seeds, grasses and clovers, identifies plants and ascertains their value, examines diseases of plants and investi- gates the best remedies; disseminates practical information upon the best agricultural grasses, and upon the most troublesome weeds and how to eradicate them. The Entomological Division studies the various insect pests which infest the field, orchard and garden crops, and suggests remedies and methods of extermination. The Horticul- tural Division investigates the different varieties of fruits and vege- tables, and their adaptability to our soil and climates, together with the best methods of cultivation, gathering and shipment to markets. It originates and improves new and promising varieties which may become valuable to the State. A most important work now being con- ducted is in connection with the North Carolina State Horticultural Society at Southern Pines, where extensive field tests with fertilizers are conducted upon various fruit and vegetable crops. The Poultry Division seeks to aid the poultry interests of the State, testing different breeds and crosses and otherwise to cause it to become a more paying industry than at present. The Meteorological Division is organized as the State Weather Service, operating in conjunction with the U. S. Weather Bureau. It collects meteorological data, and thus determines the essential features of the State's unexcelled climatic conditions. Telegrams giving forcasts of weather for the following day are distri- buted; also cold wave and frost warnings for the protection of fruit, tobacco and trucking interests, A weekly bulletin, showing the effect of the weather on the crops, is also issued during the growing season. The Station issues numerous publications. The following are some of the subj ects treated: The best agricultural grasses; plant diseases and how to combat them; silos and ensilage; some enemies of truck and garden crops; tobacco curing; some experiments in wheat culture; the culture of orchard and garden fruits; some legu- minous crops and their economic value; the chestnut and its weevil. 236 North Caroi^ina and its Resources. rational stock feeding; propagation of flowering bulbs; seed testing, its uses and methods; marls and phosphates; trucking in the South; tests of dairy implements and practices; tuberculosis and its preven- tion; cotton-seed meal and hulls for the production of beef; cultivation of the peach tree; hill-side terraces or ditches; types of tobacco and their analyses; forage grasses and hay -making. The chemical laboratories and the city offices of the Station, occupy the first floor of the right wing of the Agricultural Building, in Raleigh. In this building also are located the botanical and ento- mological laboratory, and the rooms of the meteorological division. Upon the roof are the meteorological instruments, and the signal flags to disseminate the weather forecasts. The experimental farm, upon which are the barn, stable, dairy house, plant house, is located one and one-half miles west of Raleigh, adjoining the State Fair Grounds. The Director of the Station is Dr. H. B. Battle, who is aided by a corps of fourteen, comprising the Station staff. RAILROAD COMMISSION. By an act of the General Assembly of North Carolina, ratified March 5, 1891, a Railroad Commission was created, consisting of three members to be elected by the IvCgislature, charged with the general supervision of railroads, steamboat and canal companies, and express and telegraph companies doing business in North Carolina; restraining on the part of railroad and other public transportation companies the exaction of more than a reasonable compensation for the carriage of freight or passengers, under penalty of fine, to be adjudged suflS- cient under conviction for extortion; and also empowering the Com- mission with authority to forbid such companies to give undue prefer- ence to patrons of their lines, and authorizing it to make rates for freight and passenger tariffs, forbidding unjust discriminations, the giving of rebates and the charging of more for a shorter than a longer distance. Empowering it to approve special excursion rates, empowering it to fix the charges for the transportation of passengers and freight, to make schedules that shall meet the general public convenience, and take such other steps and do such other acts as shall conduce to the pro- tection of the business and traveling public from oppression and injustice, allegations of which induced the creation of the Commis- Bureau of IvAbor Statistics. 237 sion. The Commission is invested with judicial powers; authorized to hear and decide complaints, to hear and adjust che differences between railroads. The same principles that govern railroad and other transportation management are made to apply also to telegraph and express companies. The Commission consists at present of J. W. Wilson, Chairman; S. O. Wilson and K. C. Beddingfield, associate Commissioners and H. C Brown, Secretary. Its sittings are held in Raleigh. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The Bureau of I^abor Statistics was established by the lyCgisla- ture of 1887, and its first Commissioner was Hon. W. N. Jones, who was succeeded two years later by Hon. J. C. Scarborough, who held the of&ce until 1892, when he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Govenor Carr, who has ever proved himself the friend of the laboring classes, appointed as Commissioner Mr. B. R. Ivacy, a representative labor man who, as Chairman of the I^ocomotive Engineers of the S. A. Iv. system between Portsmouth, Va., and Atlanta Ga., had, by his wise and conservative course, succeeded in doing what was considered almost an impossibility, that was, gained the respect and confidence of both the railroad officials and the men whom he represented. His nearness to, and his intimate knowl- edge of the wants of the people for whom the office was created gave new life to the work. The purpose for which the Bureau was established is to collect information upon the subject of labor, its relation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and women, and their educational, moral and financial condition. This class of investiga- tion has received a great deal of attention during the last three years, and the importance of accurate statistics on this subject is beginning to be felt as never before. This is shown by the fact that thirty-four of the forty-eight States of the Union have established labor bureaus. The Bureau is fast making friends among the employers as well as the employees of the State, for they are beginning to realize the importance of the work. Information is furnished more promptly and each succeeding report is more accurate and complete. The Bureau, which was long an experiment, is now an established fact. 238 North Carowna and its Resources. It is not only valued by the wage-earners, who feel that it is pecu- liarly their property, but the ministers and educators are studying the reports and are virtually sustaining it with their moral support. It is doing great good in creating a healthy sentiment between employers and employees, and as its objects, workings and what it is accomplishing become better known it is winning friends of all patriotic citizens. As the State is rapidly becoming a manufacturing center and factories are being built every day, the work of the Bureau is increasing and the statistics gathered and compiled in its reports are eagerly sought after, not only in the United States but in foreign countries. To such an extent has the demand for the reports of the Bureau increased, that it has been necessary to publish a larger number each year, and even then one or two numbers have been exhausted. It is gratifying as it is just, to say that in no State in the Union are there more cordial relations existing between capital and labor than in North Carolina. The more serious labor troubles such as strikes and boycots, do not exist. There is a condition of general contentment among the masses of the people, including both races. PUBLIC CHARITIES. The Constitution prescribes that the charitable and penal institu- tions of North Carolina, including all State institutions for benevolent or correctional purposes, and all county and municipal jails, work- houses and "homes" shall be under the supervision of the Board of Public Charities, elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Executive in case of failure to elect, for the term of five years. The present Board consists of Dr. Charles Duffy, Chairman, Craven county; Lawrence J. Haughton, Chatham; Wesley N. Jones, Wake; Wm. A. Blair, Forsyth; S. W. Reid, Mecklenburg; with C. B. Denson, Wake, Secretary. The members of the Board receive no salary, and their labors have been effectual in systematizing the work of the State, and elevating the standard of the care and treatment of the prisoners and the poor in the several county institutions. In this work the leading authorities on such subjects in this country have esteemed North Carolina as a "pioneer" in the south. Complete information in reference to these subjects maybe found in the reports of the Board, published annually. In these the needs of the institu- Public Charities. 239 tions are presented to the General Assembly, and neglect on the part of officials is reported to the Judge and Solicitor on service in the county of its occurrence. INSANE ASYLUn, was one of the institutions that honored the labors of the lamented Miss D. L. Dix. It was opened for patients in February, 1856, having been seven years in construction. The original design was that of a cross, with main building one hundred and sixteen feet long, eighty feet eight inches wide and eighty-six feet two inches from first floor to top of dome, an arcade eighty feet eight inches long, and twenty-six feet four inches wide. The wings are each three hundred and twenty-five feet long, forty feet eight inches wide and fifty feet high, at right angles. This was intended for two hundred and twenty-four patients, but by the use of an associated dormitory and the placing of two patients in a certain number of rooms, three hundred patients were cared for. On the 29th of August, 1894, an infirmary building for female patients, with associate dining room attached, was opened, furnishing accommodations at present for three hundred and eighty-two. This is connected by a covered corridor thirty-one and a half feet long with the south wing, and has a front section three stories high, sixty feet by forty, with spacious verandas. There are one hundred and eighty acres in cultivation; value of farm products $9,145; appropriation for support for 1896 was $65,245. The daily average of patients for 1895 was three hundred and thirty-six, and the percentage of cures upon admissions was forty-six. The standard of this institution has always been high and notable for success. At one period under Dr. Eugene Grissom, the percentage of cures reached sixty-eight. It is now under the skillfull care of Dr. George I,. Kirby. During the past year a reservoir of four hundred thousand gallons of water has been added. STATE HOSPITAL. This is the model institution for the insane south of the Potomac river, and was authorized by the I^egislature in 1875, and built by Nereus Mendenhall, M. D., Eugene Grissom, M. D., M. Whitehead, M. D., Col. T. G. Walton, and Capt. C. B. Denson, Commissioners. It was not finally completed until 1886, and is on the linear plan, having a greater frontage than the Capitol at Washington. About 600 acres belong to the institution. During 1895 there were under 240 North Carolina and its Resources. treatment 733; admissions 191, and recoveries 77, 40 per cent, of admissions. All modern improvements are to be found here, in e very- department of its operation, and the farm management is a feature unexcelled in the Union. It is situated on a commanding eminence southeast of Morganton. The late Samuel Sloan, Architect of the Philadelphia Centennial buildings, was its designer, and Dr. Kirk- bride, the greatest authority of his day, pronounced it the most per- fect institution of its kind that human ingenuity could construct within the limits of its cost. It has been under the charge of Dr. P. I/. Murphy as Superintendent from the beginning, and he has brought it to the present stage of efficiency. Its farm products reach nearly $20,000, with 30,000 pounds of pork in addition. An excellent fire department is maintained by the employees. There has been added recently a training school for nurses, which bids fair to satisfy a great need in the State. EASTERN HOSPITAL. This asylum, for the colored insane, is the first ever designed and built for that class in the world, and was opened August ist, 1880. The plan includes a center building for administration and officers' quarters, and wings for patients. It is supplied with water by an artesian well 570 feet deep, and from I^ittle river; is heated, ventilated sewered, &c., by approved modern apparatus, and supplied with elec- tric lights. The rooms are 10x7, with 13 feet pitch. On account of the rapidly increasing number of the insane of the colored population, the hospital has been enlarged twice by the addition of three story wings at each end. Its original capacity was for 233 patients. In 1895 there were treated 427, of which number 40 were cured, being 33 per cent, of 120 admitted during the year. About 125 acres are in cultivation. Dr. J. F. Miller adds to his medical accomplishments such practical ability as an architect, that he has made many improve- ments at small expenditure. A very large proportion of the inmates are happily employed at work, and the modern congregate dining rooms are used with perfect satisfaction. The institution is a short distance west of Goldsboro. OTHER PROVISION FOR THE INSANE. There are certain patients that have been returned from the institutions to the counties, as not needing hospital treatment as much as acute or violent cases, because they are harmless and incur- able. These, in the larger counties especially, have been provided for in county asylums connected with the county "Homes" for the PUBI.IC Charities. 241 aged and infirm. Aided by the steady and sympathetic inspection of the county board of visitors, consisting of citizens volunteering, upon request, for this duty, and reporting regularly to the Board of Public Charities, and under the medical charge of the County Superintendent of Health, these institutions have been much improved. INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND. The act for its establishment was passed January 12, 1845; school opened May ist of the same year, but the building now occupied was not completed until January, 1849. Main building of four stories, with two wings at right angles, three stories each. Scholastic course in full with library of 16,500 volumes, trades are also taught, and music and other accomplishments for the girls. Knlarged at several periods and finally had accommodations for 250 pupils. But it was deemed best to separate the deaf and dumb from the blind, and on October ist, 1894, the former class was transferred to the North Carolina School for the Deaf and Dumb, at Aiorgantou. The old institution in Raleigh was thoroughly repaired and improved, and devoted altogether to the blind, having a capacitj^ of 155 of that class. It is doing good work, and has at this time a remarkable orchestra of thirty musicians, string and brass, among its pupils. W. J. Young, Esq., is principal. It is located on one of the squares reserved by the State when the Capital City was laid out. A kindergarten department has been a recent and valuable addition. INSTITUTE FOR COLORED DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND. Is situated in the southeastern part of Raleigh, and erected in 1875, being the first in the world for the colored race. Has three stories, with parlor, chapel, music room, infirmary, recitation rooms, dormitories, &c. Heated by steam, lighted by gas. Has good water supply. In the summer of 1895 a new three story wing with hand- some cupola was built on the south side. Built originally for forty inmates, it now accommodates 65 boys and 55 girls. Proposals have been advertised for the building of a similar addition on the north side. Shoemaking, chair and mattress making, cane seating and dressmaking are taught, in addition to the regular scholastic work. A new workshop is in contemplation. SCHOOL FOR DEAF AND DUMB. This admirable new institution under the charge of Superintend- ent E. McK. Goodwin, has already been alluded to. The act for its 16 242 North Carolina and its Resources. creation was passed in 1891, and its Board organized April 23rd, 1892. The building is located upon a tract of 213 acres near Morgan- ton. It is of three stories above the basement in the form of a capital Roman T, and is 256 feet long with 162 feet from front through center building and dining room. Heated by steam and lighted by elec- tricity, with an artesian water system and sewerage, the sanitary con- ditions are perfect. Accommodations for 250; there are 150 rooms. This is known to be one of the best buildings in America for the deaf and dumb. Carpentry, cabinet-making, shoemaking, printing, free- hand and industrial art, mattress making, sewing, practical farming, gardening, &c., are the divisions of the industrial department. There were at the last report 161 pupils. The deaf mutes at this institution print the "Kelly Messenger," which is a creditable specimen of the printer's art. SOLDIERS' HOriE. In October, 1889, the Confederate Veteran Association of North Carolina adopted a resolution that a home for helpless and disabled veterans was a necessity, and instructed the secretary (at that time Mr. W. C. Stronach) to open a book for subscriptions. By August 29th, 1890, the amount of $3,000 was thus secured. The executive committee then authorized the secretary to rent a building, which was soon filled. The Legislature, February i6th, 1891, appropriated $3,000 per annum, and gave the Camp Russell property of five acres. Tlie appropriation is now about $8, 500, with which about one hundred veterans are maintained with the strictest economy. This would be impracticable but for the benevolence of private parties, and the gen- erosity of the railroads in transporting the veterans to their homes, there being an average per cent, daily of about sixty-five. The State owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. W. C. Stronach, chairman of the executive committee of the Board of Managers, who is always adding to the comfort and welfare of the disabled heroes. OXFORD ORPHAN ASYLUM. This orphanage was opened in 1872 by the Grand Lodge of Masons of North Carolina, at the annual communication, by resolu- tion to change St. John's College, to Oxford Orphan Asylum. In 1873 the State made an annual appropriation of $5,000, increased in 1885 to $10,000, which is the present amount. The children are in school two-thirds of their time, and work one-third. The Grand Lodge contributes $3,500 annually, other contributions about $r,8oo and asylum earnings, $3,250, making a total of about $18,500. It has PUBI.IC Charities. 243 220 inmates, equally divided as to sex. Children received from 6 to 14 years of age. There are 253 acres of land, one-half in cultivation. Mr. N. W. Lawrence, Superintendent, is steadily improving the insti- tution. Homes are procured for the children as they become fitted for self-support. COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUfl. This is also in Oxford, and was opened in the year 1886. The "buildings can accommodate one hundred and fifty. The average daily number in 1895, was seventy-five. Of these sixty-three are without father and mother. Receipts, chiefly from the State, were a little over $4,000. The Legislature of 1895, doubled the former appropriation. Rev. Robt. Shepard, (colored), is the Superintendent, and is receiving increased contributions, through the confidence of the people in his management. STATE PENITENTIARY. The main building is six hundred and twenty-five feet long, by fifty-eight and one -half in width, with administrative buildings in front eighty-four by seventy feet and domestic thirty-six by one hun- dred and sixty -eight feet. The wings are two and one-half stories, administrative four. Will contain eight hundred cells, five by eight feet, each cell having independent ventilating flues running entire height, and ending in large air chamber, with globe ventilator, in which is a coil of steam pipe to insure constant ventilation. Stone foundation up to four feet above ground line; heavy brick wall; covered with slate. Has a reservoir of 3,000,000 gallons capacity, with two steam pumps. Females in separate building. The discipline is mild but firm. Has an excellent infirmary and maintains a Sunday School taught by eminent citizens of Raleigh; religious services five times a month. Confinement in the penitentiary proper is only enforced upon those sentenced for the highest crimes; it contains, however, chronic invalids sent to the central hospital. Of the total number under control, 1,237, there are two hundred and seventy-one at Raleigh. The others are distributed upon five farms, embracing 15,000 acres, in different sections of the State, under guard and controlled by State officers (not the lease system). The great majority, eighty per cent, being colored, are at work in the employment they have been accus- tomed to. The value of their products amounts to about $200,000 annually, and renders the institution nearly absolutely self-support- 244 North Caroi^ina and its Rksourcks. ing. Indeed, it is probable that a surplus may be made for the State Treasury, with a return to normal prices for agricultural products. While the main operations are in the raising of all kinds of agricultural products and live stock, and the digging of phosphate rock, the mechan- ical work supplies all the shoes and the clothing, but not the cloth; also harness and wagons, wheelbarrows, and wood and iron work used by the convicts, and laundry work for the institution and others. Bach farm has a superior and a physician. The health of the convicts is better than under any former system. The immense stone wall, at one place sixty feet high from the valley below, is of solid granite, built by the convicts, as was the entire structure. Hon. A. Leazar, is General Manager. ORPHANAGES AND HOSPITALS. There are many institutions of this character supported by churches, societies and private citizens, and not under the immediate charge of the State authorities. Among these are the Thomasvili^e; Orphanage. Rev. J. B. Boon, Superintendent. Opened November nth, 1885, at Thomasville, has three hundred and six acres of land, and twenty buildings provides for one hundred and fifty to two hundred orphans, supported chiefly by the Baptist Church. Thk Thompson Orphanage. Rev. E. A. Osborne, Superintendent, organized about 1883. Situated at Charlotte. Has eighty acres of land, and cares for about sixty children. Is supported by voluntary contributions mainly by Episcopalians. The Orphans' Home. Situated at Barium Springs, Iredell county, and under the charge of Rev. R. W. Boyd, Superintendent, who is the representative of a Board, chosen by the Synod of North Carolina (Presbyterian). Has property worth $15,000. The institution began operations only a few years ago, and in 1895 had seventy-two children. Orphanages and Hospitai^s. 245 Odd Fejllows' Orphan Home. Is located at Goldsboro, and liberally supported by that benevo- lent order. It began operations in May, 1892. Had twenty-eight in 1895 with the number gradually increasing; Mr. j'. T. Deams, Superintendent. In addition to the original structures, a fine modern building has just been added, to more completely fulfill its design. The Friends' Orphanage. Is near High Point, and was organized in 1895. While this latest of the family of orphanages in North Carolina is only in its infancy, it is doing most effective work. Dr. J. M. Tomlinson of Archdale, is the Chairman of the Friends' Committee having its interest in charge. There can be no doubt that this good work will grow and multiply. The Childrens' Home, located at Asheville, was established in March, 1890. This was organized to meet the needs of the county of Buncombe, and its history renders it a model for the State. At last report (October 1895) it was caring for thirty-one children, and had had charge of one- hundred and fifty-seven children since its organization, many of whom had been placed in good homes. The Mission Hospital, founded in 1885 and managed by a committee of ladies from the Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian ladies of Asheville. Supported by voluntary contributions and a small sum from the county. Cares for about one hundred patients during the year. Wilmington City Hospital. Organized in 1881, and its support is given, three-fifths from the county and two-fifths from the city. Dr. W. W. L,ove, is Superinten- dent. In 1894, it had two hundred and two charity patients, sixty- eight pay; total two hundred and seventy. Is admirably situated near the city of Wilmington. St. Peter's Hospital, opened January ist, 1876, in the city of Charlotte. Managers are nine female communicants of St. Peter's (Episcopal) Church. Mrs. Jane Wilkes, Secretary. Cares for eighty patients annually. Main- tained by voluntary subscriptions. 246 North Carolina and its Resources. The Good Samaritan Hospital is in the same city. This has a handsome brick building erected by the eflforts of the same noble women, and is devoted to colored patients, being a part of the mission work of St. Peter's Church. The Watts' Hospital. This is the gift of Mr. George W. Watts, of Durham, to the town of his residence. It was built and equipped at a cost of $30,000, and he endows it with $20,000 more, to insure its successful working. The administration building is 38x36 feet; two stories and basement; male and female pavilions, 31x62 feet and surgical building 17x27 feet. It is fitted with all modern conveniences, has twenty-two beds and is surrounded by five acres of grounds. The physicians give their services without charge, and the citizens will increase the endow- ment fund. Rex Hospital. This institution is located in Raleigh, and was established by a fund left by a long deceased citizen. The hospital maintained for a number of years by St. John's Guild, and located at the south end of Salisbury street, was purchased in 1893, and after improving the same by several thousand dollars worth of repairs and additions, and the erection of a building for colored patients, the whole was opened as Rex Hospital May 15th, 1894. In the first two years it has admitted three hundred and fifty-six patients, including one hundred and six white males, 102 white females; seventy-five colored males and seventy-five colored females. To this has been recently added by private benevolence, a well arranged ward for sick children. The city contributes annually $2,000 to the support of the hospital. Col. Benehan Cameron has recently given a fund as an endowment for the "P. C. Cameron Memorial Cot," R. H. Battle, Esq., is chairman of the board of Trustees. It may justly be said no department of the State Government is more liberally supported than her charities, which have become the pride of the State. And private efforts are freely given whenever a necessity is shown to exist, for the relief of suffering or misfortune. PUBLIC BUILDINGS The State Capitol is a massive granite structure, in plain but classic style, and for many years was regarded as the finest of the State Capitols. It is situated in a square of four acres, laid off in broad PUBI^IC BUII.DINGS. 247 and convenient walks, shaded in part by native oaks, s^'rvivors of the original forests, and it is adorned with flowers and shrubbery. In the grounds are a handsome bronze statute of Washington and a monu- ment to the Confederate dead, about 75 feet high, adorned with bronze figures. The building contains the Legislative halls, the Executive offices, the Treasury Department, the Auditor's office, those of the Secretary of State, the rooms of the keeper of the Capitol, Legislative Committee rooms and other needed apartments, is lighted both by gas and electricity, is well ventilated, and in winter is heated by steam. The whole is surrounded by an iron fence based upon a granite foundation. The Governor's Mansion is situated in the northeastern part of Raleigh, on one of the public squares — Burke. It is a three story brick structure, elegant in design, and complete in all its details, pleasing in exterior, elegant, convenient and comfortable in the interior. It is trimmed with native brownstone and marble, and is surrounded by a beautiful lawn, which is adorned with small shrubbery. The Supreme Court Building is situated on the north side of Kdenton street, adjoinining the Agricultural Building and fronting Capitol square. It has a plain exterior, but is well built and arranged for its various uses. It is three stories high and contains the Supreme Court room, consulting rooms, the Attorney General's office, the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the office of the Com- missioner of Labor, the Supreme Court Library, which contains, besides a large and valuable collection of law volumes, portraits of many of the members of the Court from its organization to the present time; and also the State Library of 46,000 volumes, and portaits of eminent North Carolinians, prominent in the State annals, in civil, professional, military and naval life. The other public buildings have been sufficiently alluded to under their appropriate heads. EDUCATION. "The good name, as well as the substantial prosperity of a State, is indissolubly associated with, and dependent upon, the initial direction given to the minds of the young. Care on the one hand, neglect on the other, bring forth responsive fruit, to tell in after years in the grateful form of public virtue and enlightment, or in the melancholy spectacle of public vice or popular ignorance and abase- 248 North Caroi,ina and its Resources. ment. The wisdom of statesmanship is never so wisely directed as when it aims to establish the one and guard against the other. And such statesmanship knows that it must act always by anticipation; knows that it is dealing with functions in a state of constant change and progression; that it is moulding and shaping that which, though incorporeal and intangible, bears direct analogy to that which is cor- poreal and material, in that it is impressible to good or to evil, retains the shape and form to which it is moulded, and, in its matured powers, presents the perfection of the wise directing hand, or the distortion of neglect or of wicked design. The solicitude of our Revolutionary fathers was never allayed, even amid the clash of arms and the uncertainties of a pending des- perate strife, until they have given expression in their tentative efforts in the formation of a new government to the purpose which was uppermost in their minds. Never in human history did a solemn determination to discharge a duty, apparently altogether irrelevant to the cause they then had in hand — the conduct of war and the achieve- ment of liberty — have expression so noble, so wise, so disinterested, lyiberty might be won, but at ruinous cost, but whatever befell, posterity must be educated. That was a sacred charge not to be neglected or evaded. It was the education of the leaders in the cause of liberty that had taught the value of liberty; it was essential that that liberty when assured should be preserved by the same means that had demonstrated its value. Therefore, posterity must be edu- cated; and while the enemy was still thundering at the gates, and while the roar of the battle was still deafening the startled ear, calmly, unmoved by the awful commotion, brave as to their present, confident as to their future, they decreed in their first Constitution ' ' that a school or schools should be established by the I^egislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at low prices; and all useful learning shall be encouraged in one or more universities." Such was the beginning of our school system; such was the mandatory obligation and formation of the State University. Public financial confusion, general private pecuniary distress, materially delayed action upon the wise determination of the founders of our State government. Yet under all untoward circumstances, the University was chartered in 1786, and entered upon its work in 1795. It lit the torch of public education, if at the time it could do no more. Its own career grandly illustrated its own usefulness Its example and influence kept alive that broader ultimate plan and pur- pose of an education to be brought to every child in the land." Education. 249 FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The first step toward free public schools was taken by Judge Murphey, in the session of the Legislature of 1816, in a report urging the establishment of a judicious system of public education. But no further legislative action on the subject was taken until the session of 1825, in which year a fund for the establishment of common schools was created by the General Assembly, ' ' consisting of the dividends arising from the stocks then held or afterwards acquired by the State in the banks of New Bern and Cape Fear, the dividends arising from the stocks owned by the State in the Cape Fear Navigation Company, the Roanoke Navigation Company, and the Club Foot and Harlowe Creek Canal Company, the tax imposed by law on license to retailers of spirituous liquors and auctioneers, the unexpended balance of the agricultural fund, all moneys paid to the State for the entries of vacant land, and all the vacant and unappropriated swamp lands of the State, together with such sums of money as the State may find it convenient to appropriate from time to time." In 1789, the lyCgislature in session in Fayetteville, by anticipa- tion, had cut off by far the largest resources applicable to the school fund. The largest body of vacant land then owned by the State, included all the territory of the present State of Tennesssee. But as a heavy debt rested upon the National Government for the costs of the Revolutionary War, Congress had frequently urged upon the States owning western territory, the policy of ceding the whole or part of such territory to aid in the extinguishment of such debt. North Carolina, with responsive generosity, gave up the territory of Tennessee, with all her prospective school lands, and fell back upon her other resources and the relief or aids of future legislation. Such legislation was had, and by the transfer to the Literary Fund by the State Government in 1837 of the State's share of the surplus deposit fund, in the United States Treasury distributed to the States by the Act of Congress of June 23, 1836, the Literary Fund for the "Common Schools" was increased by $1,133,757.39. The total "Surplus revenue" fund turned over by the Treasurer of the United States to the State comptroller was $1,433,757,39. Of this the State Treasury used $100,000, and $200,000 was applied to draining swamp lands. The common school system, as it was designated, was adopted in 1839, ^^^ continued in force until superceded by the results of the war. Under that system in 1850 the number of schools was 2,657; o^ teachers, 2,730; of pupils, 104,095. The income being in that year $158,564, increased in i860 to $268,719. 250 North CaroIvIna and its Resource;s. As a result of tlie war, the whole I^iterary Fund was lost, and new provision had to be made. Without going into details involving the legislation of several years, it is enough to say here that in 1894-5, from the general poll- tax, general property tax (18 cents on the $100), special poll-tax. special property tax under local acts, special poll-tax under local acts, fines, forfeitures and penalties, liquor licenses, auctioneers, estrays and other sources, all of which are specially applied to the school fund, and from the State Board of Education, there was realized the sum of $777,079.29, as against the receipts of 1884 of $580,311.06; and for 1894-5 the expenditures were $783,405.09. The school census of 1 894-5 shows the number of persons between six and twenty-one years of age to have been — white, 389,709; colored, 212,191; total, 601,900; of which there was an enrollment of — white, 235,486; and of colored, 123,899; total, 359,385. The average attendance during the same time was, for whites, 149,046 for colored, 71,246. Average length for school terms — for whites 12.85. for colored, 12.12. Average salary of teachers — white males, $25.53; white females, $23.08; colored males, $23.08; colored females, $19.27. The value of public school property in 1894-5 for whites was $817,148.08; for colored, $301,149.80. The number of public school houses in the same year was — for whites, 4,556; for colored, 2,010. Number of schools taught in same period, for whites, 4,811; colored 2,296. Number of school districts, for whites 5,123; for colored, 2,424; and the statistics of the Normal Schools for 1894-5 for the colored race, show an attendance at Fayetteville of 236; at Salisbury, of 236; at Franklinton, 215; at Plymouth, 301; and at Goldsboro, 277. For the fiscal year ending November 30th, 1895, there had been levied for school purposes on white polls, $250,458.85; and on colored polls, $94,436.58. On general property there had been levied on the whites $363,258,68, and on colored $12,861.92. Total from all sources for 1895, ^765,510.27. The population of North Carolina by the census of 1 890 is — white^ 1,049,191; colored, 567,170; all others, 1,586; a total of 1,617,947, the colored population being a little more than one-third of the whole. In the contribution to the support of schools, the whites contribute nearly five-sixths of the whole, and the colored little more than one- sixth. Nevertheless, the appropriation is made ridgidly pro rata, as if the contribution had been on the same basis. Besides the levy, which is now 18 cents on the $100 worth of property, and the other subjects upon which taxation is laid for the benefit of the public schools, the State has received large benefactions Education. 251 from the Peabody Fund, appropriated in aid of public, normal and graded schools, and to holders of scholarships in the Nashville Nor- mal School. There are twenty of these scholarships, each worth $100 per annum, and railrod fare to and from Nashville, Tenn., each ses- sion for two years. The average annual appropriation to the State from this fund is about $8,500. The present public school system exists under that feature of the State Constitution providing for a State Board of Education, consist- ing of the Governor, I^ieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Treas- urer, Auditor, Attorne^^-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction. The latter is the head of the system of public schools. Each county has its Board of Education and County Examiners. The County Board consists of the commissioners. The normal system was adopted in 1877 for the whites as well as the colored people, and eight normal schools have been established for the former and seven for the latter. The Normal and Industrial School for white women has superceded the eight white normal schools. A normal department is provided at the University for young men with a summer school for both sexes of white teachers. The seven colored normal schools are still continued, for which the State pays annually $10,000. It need scarcely be added that while the provision for the schools for both races is made with strictly impartial appropriation of the public funds, the schools themselves are separate; and a still further separation is made in the schools of the Croatan Indians of Robeson county, which are detached from both the white and colored schools; and the State appropriates $500 annually for training teachers for Croatan schools. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. The University was chartered in 1789, and opened in 1795. It is the oldest university in the south ; up to 1 860 it had a very large patronage from all the southern States. Its roll of alumni includes many names of national repute, and it may be doubted whether so large a percentage of the alumni of any other American college have achieved eminence in public life. Among them may be named President, Jas. K. Polk; Vice-President, Wm. R. King; Senator, Thomas H. Benton; Wm. A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy, Whig candidate for the Vice-Presidency; Major General Francis P. Blair, U. S. A., Democratic candidate for the Vice Presidency; John Y. Mason, Leonidas Polk, John Branch, Willie P. Mangum, Jacob Thompson, Aaron V. Brown, James C. Dobbin, John H. Eaton, 252 North Carolina and its Resources. Francis Iv. Hawks, Cyrus ly. Hawks, Wm. M. Green, Archibald M. DeBow, Zebulon B. Vance and James Johnston Pettigrew. The University embraces the College, the Law School, the Medical School, and the Summer School for teachers. The College contains fourteen departments offering one hundred and one courses of instruction, arranged both for graduate and undergraduate in- struction. The Law School and the Medical School each offers two years instruction. The Summer School for Teachers is held during the month of July, and offers about forty courses of instruction. There is also a Summer Session of the Law School (July-September). The University includes thirty-five teachers (who represent the training of twenty-one American and European Universities;) the student-roll numbers five hundred and thirty-four. It possesses property worth about $600,000, being $500,000 worth of land, build- ings and apparatus and $100,000 in endowment funds. The campus contains fifty acres of land, with five hundred acres of forest land adjoining. There are eleven large brick buildings, containing lecture rooms, museums, laboratories and student rooms. The library con- tains forty thousand volumes. The gymnasium is the largest in the south. The University is administered with great economy. The total expense of an education there for four years need not exceed $1,000. Tuition is $60.00 a year. About the fourth of the students are self-supporting. Eighty scholarships are given annually to needy boys, and loans are made to the very needy. The seat of the University is Chapel Hill, about twenty-eight miles northwest of Raleigh. It is a beautiful, healthful village, free from vice and extravagant life. Mr. Edward A. Alderman is President. COLLEGE Or AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS. Some years ago a small but able and earnest set of men became convinced that the industrial growth of North Carolina was being retarded by the lack of technically trained men to assist and to guide this development. To supply this need these men began to advocate the establishment of an industrial school. The times were ripe for the success of such a movement; all over the State the movement was taken up, and the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was the result of their endeavors. The college opened its doors for students in October of 1889, and lias had a healthy and steady growth ever since. Like all new enter- prises it had to encounter some hostility, and a great deal of indiffer- ence and incredulity as to power to do the work that was wanted. ^. *., .& |V NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, Education. 253 These, its friends think, the College has now entirely overcome. The success of its graduates is the best guarantee that the institution was needed and that it is supplying that need. When the college opened in 1889, it had only one building, very little equipment, and only five professors present for duty. In the six years that have passed since then, nine other large and comfortable buildings have been added, equipment and apparatus have been bought for all departments, and the faculty has increased from five to twenty. In equipping the institution, the trustees wisely decided that a technical college to be at all successful, must be completely furnished; hence the shops, the drawing-rooms, the chemical, the physical, the horticultural, the electrical laboratories, the barn, the dairy, and all the class rooms have been provided with the best modern apparatus and machinery. Every department of the College is now equipped to do thorough and practical work. "What is the specific object of the Agricultural and Mechanical College?" is a question often asked. The object is to give young men, while they are getting a general education, also a technical training that will make them self-sustaining in life and also make them intelligent directors of agricultural and mechanical enterprises. It does not, however, aim to make them mere machines, for its stu- dents have a regular college course minus the classical languages but plus scientific studies in particular lines. While its purpose is to give its graduates definite callings in life, its idea of education is no more narrow, no more "Brodwissenschaften," than is the special college or seminary for the doctor or the minister. The object of these colleges or seminaries is to train a man for what he is to do; the object of any technical college is the same. It assumes as a fundimental postulate that a man who wants to farm, to run a grapery, to direct a dairy, to make his living by mechanical engineering, to support himself as a civil engineer is entitled to as good and as special training as a man who expects to preach or to practice medicine. It also holds that there is time and opportunity for a man, while he is getting a general education, to get also, and at the same time, special training for the work in which he expects to engage. The institution is supported by grants from the general govern- ment and by an appropriation from the state. Tuition is made low in order that as many as possible of the sons of North Carolina may be gathered together to be trained for work in their own State and for their own people. The faculty consists of the following members : President and .254 North Carolina and its Resources. Professor of History, A. Q. Holladay, LL. D.; Professor of Horticul- ture, W. F. Massey, C. E.; Professor of Chemistry, W. A. Withers, A. M.; Professor of English, D. H. Hill, A. M.; Professor of Agricul- ture, B. Irby, M. S.; Professor of Civil Engineering and Mathematics, W. C. Riddick, A. B., C. E.; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, N. R. Craighill, S. B.; Professor of Physics, Electrical Engineering and Military Science, Lt.Col. N. H. Barnes, A. M. , Ph. D. ; Adjunct-Profes- sor of Mathematics, R. E. L- Yates, A. M.; Assistant Professor of Agri- culture, F. E. Emery, M. S.; Instructor in Drawing and Shop Work, C. M. Pritchett, M. E.; Superintendent of Shops, C. B. Park; Assistant in Farm Practice and Superintendent of Farm, B. S. Skinner; Instructor in Veterinary Science, F. P. Williamson, D. V. S.; Assistant in Chemis- try, J. A. Bizzell, B. S.; Assistant in Physics, W. K. Davis, Jr., B.S.; Assistant in Drawing and Shop, David Clark, M. E.; Assistant in Chemistry, G. S. Fraps, B. S.; Assistant in Dairying, A. H. Prince, B. S.; Tutor of Sub-Freshman Class, A. A. Wilson. STATE NORflAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. The State Normal and Industrial School for women, located at Greensboro, was established by act of the General Assembly of 1891, and began its work in October, 1892. It is supported mainly by the State, but receives liberal aid from the Peabody Fund, and has con- siderable revenue from tuition fees. ^30,000 and ten acres of land were given to secure its location at Greensboro. The management of the institution is in the hands of a Board of Directors, consisting of one member from each congressional district. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction is, ex-ofi&cio, president of the Board. The purpose for which the institution was created is stated in section 5 of the Act establishing it, which reads as follows: "The objects of this institution shall be (i) to give to young women such education as shall fit them for teaching; (2) to give instruction to young women in drawing, telegraphy, typewriting, stenography and such other industrial arts as may be suitable to their sex, and conducive to their support and usefulness. Tuition shall be free to those who signify their intention to teach, upon such conditions as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors." That the Normal and Industrial School fills a long felt need in North Carolina, its liberal patronage alone is sufl&cient proof. Its enrollment of students this year is 444, besides 97 pupils in its Prac- tice School. During the four years of its existence, it has matricu- lated 931 students, representing all the ninety-sis counties of the State except three. Education. 255 The Normal and Industrial School has an able faculty, consisting of twenty-seven officers and instructors, who have been prepared for theii work in the best institutions in the country. It has good labo- ratories, libraries, and other equipment. Prof. Chas. D. Mclver, is President. DAVIDSON COLLEGE. This College is the Presbyterian institution of higher learning and may be regarded as the legitimate, if somewhat remote, successor to Queen's College, or Liberty Hall, as it was called after Royal recognition of the former had been denied. After many efforts at revival, and against strong opposition to the creation of a distinctly denominational college. Concord Presbytery, in the spring of 1835, adopted resolutions looking to the establishment of a Presbyterian College in their Presbytery; and in the fall of the same year a site was selected in the northern part of Mecklenburg County, at which has been called the literary and geographical centre of the State. The institution was named in honor of General William Davidson, the revolutionary hero. The College was opened in March, 1837, with 66 students. A charter was granted by the Legislature in 1838. The manual labor system was at first adopted, but as at Wake Forest, it proved a failure and was abandoned. In 1855, Maxwell Chambers, Esq., of Salisbury, made the munificent bequest of $258,000 to the College, and this relieved it of all existing financial trouble and assured its future freedom from embarrassment. The terms of the charter limited the endownment to $200,000, and only that amount could be realized from the bequest. About $100,000 of this endownment was lost by reason of the war. In addition to the proceeds arising from the interest of this endownment, the College has endowed scholarships, such as the Maxwell Chambers scholarship of $3,000, endowed by the Presbyterian Church of Salisbury; the D. A. Davis scholarship of $1,500, endowed by the same church; the George Bower scholarship of $1,000, endowed by Mrs. A. C. Davis, of Salisbury, and the Thomas Brown scholarship of $1,000, endowed by Brown Bros., of Winston, and one of $500, endowed by Gen. Rufus Barringer and Mr. George E. Wilson, of Charlotte, one of $1,500, the Kate Williams scholarship, endowed by G. W. Williams, Esq., of Wil- mington; one of $1,000, J. S. Carr, Esq., Durham; one of $1,000, by S. H. Wiley, Esq., Salisbury; the Gates scholarship of $500, by R. M. Gates and Gates Bros., Charlotte; the P. T. Penick scholarship of $500, by the Presbyterian Church at Mooresville, and the Willie J. Brown scholarship of $500, endowed by Col. Jno. E. Brown of Charlotte. 256 North Carolina and its Resources. Two regular courses of study, leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, each requiring four years, are pro- vided. The requirements for admission are much the same as at the State University. A post-graduate course, leading to the degree of Master of Arts, is available. The course of instruction is thorough, and many distinguished men of the State are alumni of the institu- tion. The Faculty numbers eight professors. The Rev. John Bunyan Shearer, D.D., LL.D,, is President. There is a regular and full attendance, made up largely from this and the States adjoining. TRINITY COLLEGE. The leading Methodist College of North Carolina, is the out- growth of the Grammar School, established by the Rev. Brantly York, in 1838, in the north-west corner of Randolph county, five miles south of the town of High Point, on the North Carolina Railroad, and about one hundred miles west of Raleigh. In 1842, Dr. York, resigned the charge of the school, and the Rev. B. Craven, then only nineteen years old, was elected as successor. In 1851, the school was re-chartered and the name changed to " Normal College," By this charter, the school was brought under the State supervision, and the Governor of the State became ex officio President of the Board of Trustees, and the Superintendent of Common Schools, Secretary. The object of this connection was to secure a higher grade of teachers for the common schools, and, by a provision of the charter, a certificate from the Normal College was made ample lawful evidence of qualifi- cation to teach in such schools. At the annual session of the North Carolina Conference of the Methodist Church, held in Salisbury, in 1 851, the connection between the school and the Conference was adopted, and the Trustees of the College agreed that young men pre- paring for the ministry should be educated without charge. In 1853, the charter was amended, and the College was authorized to confer degrees. In i858-'9, the management of the institution was trans- ferred to the North Carolina Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South and by act of the Legislature, the College was vested in the Conference with all the the rights and privileges usually granted in such cases, and the name was changed from Normal to Trinity College. The College suffered from the effects of the war, and in 1865, for a short time, exercises were suspended. Dr. Craven, in that year, was re-elected President, and the next year exercises were resumed. In 1882, Dr. Craven died, with disastrous influence on the fortunes of the institution, which fell so low as ta Education. 257 threaten its existence. Prominent laj^men came to the rescue, and its strength was renewed, its curriculum broadened, its scholastic standard raised, and it took rank with the other colleges of the South. In 1S90, in accordance with the order of the Board of Trustees of the College, of the North Carolina and of the Western North Carolina Conferences Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and of the General Assembl5^ amending the charter, the institution was ordered to be removed to Durham, where Blackwell's Park, consisting of sixtj^-two and a half acres of eligibly situated land, was secured as a site for the buildings and grounds. Liberal donations made by citizens of Dur- ham, and other munificent aid enabled the management to proceed so rapidly with the construction of the necessary buildings that the session of i892-'3 was opened at Durham,- These buildings consist of the main College, the Technological building, the College Inn, the Gymnasium buildings and seven residences for the Faculty and officers, altogether constituting a mass of well constructed and architee^turally imposing edifices. The grounds are well laid off, and the whole is an independent municipal corporation, with its own mayor, commissioners and peace officer. At present, the institution has eleven chairs of instruction and six assistant instructors, distributed among the several departments of instruction in which the work of the College is divided. The work of instruction is organized under the following departments, viz.: The Department of Philosophy and Letters; the Scientific Department; the Technological Department; the Department of History, Political and Social Science; the Theological Department/ the Law Depart- ment; and the Commercial Department. The College fees for the session are $60; board and incidentals, $95 to $140; commencement tax, $2.50; total, $157.50 to $202.50. John C. Kilgo, D. D., is now President. WAKE FOREST COLLEGE. This college was chartered at the session of the General Assembly of 1833. A tract of land containing 615 acres sixteen miles north of Raleigh, at the point now known as Wake Forest, was purchased, and the erection of buildings begun. The institution was opened in February, 1834. The system first adopted, which was that of manual labor, t.sso- ciated with the ordinary college curriculum, was soon abandoned as impracticable and unproductive of satisfactory results, and the colle- giate system only retained. Laboring under the embarrassments of debt in the early years of its existence, it was at length relieved in 17 258 North Carolina and its Resources. 1849. Since that period, by the earnest and liberal zeal of prominent members of the Baptist Church, an endowment fund has been accumulated, now amounting to more than $220,000. In the number, excellence and elegance of the college buildings, Wake For- est is the equal of any like institution in the country. Among these may be mentioned the "I,ea I^aboratory," the "Wingate Memorial Hall," the "Old Dormitory" and the "Heck- Williams Library Building." The standard of scholarship is high, and among the graduates are very many prominent men, not only in the pulpit, but in all the learned professions and in business and industrial avocations. These are now living in thirty-one states of the union. The faculty now consists of C. K. Taylor, president, professor of Moral Philosophy; W. B. Royall, professor of Greek; I,. R. Mills, professor of Pure Mathematics; B. F. Sledd, professor of English; W. L. Poteat, professor of Natural History; C. E. Brewer, professor of Chemistry; J. B. Carlyle, professor of lyatin; J. F. I^anneau, professor of Physics and Applied Mathematics; W. J.Ferrell, assistant professor of Mathematics; R. W. Haywood, assistant professor of Ivanguages; T. H. Briggs, Jr., director of Physical Culture. The number of stu- dents in 1895-96 was 261. Ministers receive free tuition. Those who have been licensed to preach and are unable to command the means necessary to defray the cost of board, may receive aid for this purpose from the Board of Education of the Baptist State Convention, so far as the means may be at its disposal. Among the other aids to indigent young men, is the "Bostwick lyoan Fund," created by the late J. A. Bostwick, of New York City, who has given to the college $12,000, to be held in perpetuity, the annual interest to be used in making loans to students to pay their tuition bills, and nothing else, to be loaned at 4 per cent, payable semi-annually, on terms agreed upon. "The North Carolina Baptist Students' I^oan Fund," incorporated March, 1877, lends money arising from the interest of its invested fund to indigent young men washing to study in the college, the loan to be re-paid with interest after the completion of the course. The Law School, inaugurated in 1894, has proved a signal suc- cess and is largely patronized. The preparatory school in medicine has steadily grown in value and in popular estimation. Education. 259 ELON COLLEGE. This institution is situated at a station of the same name, in a beautiful oak grove on the North Carolina division of the Southern railroad, in Alamance county. It is under the control of the General Convention of the Christian Church South, and is non-sectarian in spirit. It is co-educational, the sexes being admitted on equal terms, which after years of trial, has proven to be a benefit to both. It has a Faculty of progressive specialists, a healthy climate, library, and three I^iterary Societies with elegant halls. It has Literary, Music, Art and Commercial Departments, and gives degrees in the following courses: A. B., Ph. B. and A. M. Rev. W. W. Staley, D. D., is President, Rev. J. O. Atkinson, Chairman of the Faculty, and S. A. Holeman, Bursar. GUILFORD COLLEGE. This institution was founded by North Carolina yearly meeting of Friends, and was opened in the year 1837, under the name of " New Garden Boarding School," being chartered by the Legislature in 1834. From 1837, it has been in continuous operation, and has been open alike to both sexes. In 1888, the Institution was chartered under the name of Guilford College. New buildings having been erected, the course of study extended, and the Faculty increased to ten members; and authority was given to confer degrees. The buildings are located on a well cultivated farm of two hun- dred and sixty acres, six miles west of Greensboro, in Guilford county, near the Winston and Salem railroad; and consist of the original building. Founders Hall, erected in i835-'7; King Hall and Archdele Hall, both built in 1885; Y. M. C. A. Hall, erected in 1891; and a gymnasium, seventy-five by fifty feet, constructed in 1896, which is under the directorship of a graduate of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. There are three extended courses of study provided, the Classi- cal, Scientific and Latin Scientific. Bryn Mawr College, annually grants to a lady graduate of Guilford, a graduate scholarship at Bryn Mawr, of the value of four hundred dollars, and young men receive a like recognition at Haverford College. Besides the large, substantial, well furnished buildings, the Museum of Natural History, College and Society libraries, the col- lege possesses a cash endowment of $60,000. There is also a dairy of fifty jersey cows owned by the college and a larsre silo barn. 26o North Carolina and its Resources. The equipment of the college has come largely from friends in Maryland, and some northern and western states, and in England. BINGHAM SCHOOL. The Bingham School was established in 1793, by the Rev. Wil- liam Bingham, a native of Ireland, at Pittsboro. The School, in its succession through three generations of the same name and family, has long been pre-eminent in the South, and noted throughout the whole Union. Mr. Bingham, for five years, from 1801 to 1805, was Professor of Latin in the State University, and then resigned to re- open his School at Hillsboro. At his death, 1826, he was succeeded by his eldest son, William J. Bingham, who continued it for twenty years at Hillsboro, with a reputation that brought him pupils from all parts of North Carolina and from all the Southern States. Subse- quently the School was removed to Oaks, in Orange County, where the Principal was assisted by his sons William and Robert Bingham, both graduates of the University. On the death of the elder Bing- ham, the School was removed to a point near Mebanesville, in the same county. William Bingham soon after died, and was succeeded by his brother Robert, by whom the institution was still conducted. In addition to thorough classical and English and business education, the military feature has been added, an officer of the United States Army having been detailed as commandant of the cadets. Owing to the destruction of a portion of the School buildings by two successive fires, Major Robert Bingham was induced to remove the School to Asheville, where it now is, without abatement of its usefullness or reputation. Gov. Elias Carr, in speaking of this school says: "After a careful personal inspection of the present location and the sanitary arrangements, made recently, I am impressed with the great improvement over the old plan of buildings used in my school days; and I have no hesitancy in pronouncing the location most desir- able, the buildings excellent, the sanitary arrangements unequaled." HORNER SCHOOL. This excellent school was established in Oxford in 1851 by James H. Horner, the course of instruction is thorough, embracing the classical, mathematical, scientific and military features. Each course is arranged for four years. The classical course embraces the studies in the schools of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, English Gram- mar and Rhetoric, Geography and History. The scientific and English course embraces Mathematics, Natural Science, Metaphysics, Eugli.'^h Grammar and Rhetoric, Geography, History. Education. 261 French, German and Bookkeeping are elective studies. The School is strictly military in its organization and discipline. DAVIS MILITARY SCHOOL. The Davis Military School is situated just outside the city of Winston. The buildings are handsome and commodious, the grounds contain thirty -five acres. For many years the school has commanded extensive patronage from nearly every section of the United States, and some foreign countries. This school was founded by Col. A. C. Davis, and for a number of years did work preparatory for college. Afterward it became an incorporated institution with full power to grant diplomas and confer degrees. Boys and young men complete their education there, or receive preparation for any college. In addition to military tactics there is a complete Business College department. 5ALEM FEMALE ACADEMY. This grand old institution was founded by the Moravians in 1802. There have been private schools in the State so excellent as to have drawn to them patronage from distant parts of the State, but the honor must be ascribed to the Moravians of having located the first institu- tion of a public nature, and which now, after the lapse of ninety-four years, grows rather than loses, in usefulness and reputation, for it draws to it annual recruits from all and the most distant southern, northern and western States, and from foreign countries to fill the places of those sent forth to illustrate the solidity and splendor of their mental and social equipment. The school is regularly graded with a four-years classical course, also a post graduate course, and is entitled by law to confer all degrees usually given by institutions of learning, with most thorough cultiva- tion in music, painting, drawing and needle-work, commercial and industrial branches. The corps of instructors is from thirty to thirty- five. The whole number of alumnae is more than ten thousand. For many years it was the only institution of wide repute in the South for female education. Its pupils, therefore, have been well represented in the leading families in the South. A large number of these alumnae became teachers and heads of seminaries and acade- mies, with the best and most useful influences upon the subjects of their training. The buildings and accommodations of this school are elegent and commodious. 262 North Caroi^ina and its Rksourc:bs. PEACE INSTITUTE. Peace Institute is located in an eight acre grove of native oaks just outside the northern limits of Raleigh. The main building, which contains nearly one hundred rooms, is probably one of the largest and one of the best school buildings in the State. There are parlors, dining-room, music and recitation rooms, fifty-seven cham- i bers and a large auditorium which will seat eight hundred people. This institute is the outgrowth of prominent men in the North Carolina Synod of the Presbyterian Church to establish at the State Capital a school of high grade for young ladies. At the inception of the project William Peace, of Raleigh, headed the list with a gift of $10,000, and in recognition of his generosity the institute was honored with his name. Peace Institute has had only two principals. It began its career under Rev. Robert Burwell, D. D., in 1872, and is the continuation of a school conducted b}^ him commencing in 1837. The present princi- pal, James Dinwiddle, A. M., took charge in 1890. The institute does not aim at large numbers, but at thorough scholarship and a high standard of attainments of character. Instruction is given in the following departments: Mental and Moral Philosophy and Bvidences of Christianity, Mathematics and Sciences, Chemistry and Physics, English L,iterature and Criticism, lyatin and Greek, French and German. Music — Instrumental, Piano, Organ, Violin, Guitar and Vocal. Fine Arts — Drawing, Painting in Oil and Water Color and China, Modeling. Physical Culture and Elocution, Bookkeeping, Stenography and Typewriting, Cutting and Fitting, &c., employing twenty-three ofl&cers and teachers. Diplomas are given in Art, in Music, in Literature and Science, and in Literature and Language, and also the full graduate A. B. diploma. Certificates of proficiency are given upon the completion of the full course of study in any department. ST. MARY'S. St. Mary's is a college for girls and young ladies at Raleigh. The grounds are very ample; a great park indeed, which is much admired for its natural beauty. They were applied to their present uses in May, 1842, when Rev. Dr. Albert Smedes founded the present St. Mary's School, under the auspices of the Episcopal Church in North Carolina. The exercises have been maintained continuously ever since, the son of the founder, the Rev. Dr. Bennett Smedes suc- ceeding to the control on the death of his father. The patronage is Education. 263 from this State and many of the other southern States. The course of education is ample, embracing all the substantial branches, as well as the ornamental, to the extremest point of culture. The course is arranged for five years. BAPTIST FEHALE UNIVERSITY. This institution was chartered in i8gi, and is to be the leading school of the Baptist denomination in North Carolina. The main building for the University is now in course of construction at Raleigh, on a very eligible location near the center of the city. This building when completed will cost over $40,000. It is expected that the Uni- versity will be opened in September, 1897, and as it is to be the head of female education for this denomination, a large patronage is expected CHOWAN FEMALE BAPTIST INSTITUTE. This prosperous institute is located at Murfreesboro, Hertford county. It has very fine buildings, situated on highly ornamented grounds, containing twenty-eight acres. This institution originated in the purpose of the Bertie Union Meeting (Baptist,) embracing the counties of Northampton, Bertie and Hertford, to establish in their midst a high school for girls, and a school building was provided at Murfreesboro and opened October 11, 1848, with the Rev. A. McDowell, of South Carolina and a graduate of Wake Forest College, as President. The prosperity of the institution was so rapid and so marked as to demand the erection of large buildings, and in 1851, a joint stock company took charge of the school, selected a new site and completed a large and handsome brick building. The value of the property is now estimated at $50,000. The funds were chiefly contributed by the Chowan Association, With its greater facilities, the institution was soon filled with young ladies from most of the southern States and some from the north. It has had successively as its presidents, Dr. McDowell, Rev. William Hooper, D. D., Ith- D., Rev. Mr. Forney, and again Mr. McDowell, who returned to the presidency in 1862, and died in 1881, to be succeeded by Prof. John B. Brewer, who resigned this year and is succeeded by Rev. W. O. Petty. In the college there are two departments, the preparatory, requiring two years for completion, and the collegiate, four years. In the latter the course is as full and satisfactory as in the other female colleges in the State. 264 North Carolina and its Resourcks. OXFORD FEriALE SEMINARY. In 1 850 there was established by the Baptists an institution in the town of Oxford for the higher education of girls, known as the Oxford Female College. Under various administrations this school was continued until the year 1880, when it passed under the control of Prof. F. P. Hobgood, who for ten years had been President of the Raleigh Female Seminary. Under his control it is still flourishing. It has ample buildings, large grounds and a teaching force represent- ing in their acquirements the most noted American colleges and some European institutions. It is doing work of a very thorough character. GREENSBORO FEMALE COLLEGE. This college occupies a fine brick building in a fine natural park of forty acres in a pleasant part of Greensboro. It is a Methodist institution, the original suggestion of the Trustees of the Greensboro Female School, to the Virginia Conference of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, asking that a female college under their auspices, be established at Greensboro. This was in 1837, when the North Caro- lina Conference had no separate existence. It acquired such the same year; and in 1838 the North Carolina Conference obtained a charter from the State Legislature. This was the first female college chartered in North Carolina, and the first south of the Potomac, except Wesley an Female College at Macon, Ga. The institution was opened for students under the presidency of the Rev. Solomon Lea, succeeded as the result of successive resignations, by the Rev. A. M. Shipp, D. D., the Rev. Chas. F. Deems, and the Rev. T. M. Jones. The school building was destroyed by fire in 1863, and not rebuilt until 1871. It was opened in 1873 under the presidency of the Rev. T. M. Jones, and continued under him with great success until the period of his death which occurred in 1889, when he was succeeded by the Rev. B. F. Dixon. The faculty is a full one, and the attendance of pupils is from 150 to 200, representing several southern and western States. ASHEVILLE FEMALE COLLEGE. The Asheville Female College has been for more than half a cen- tury the leading institution of learning in the western part of the State. It possesses one of the best collegiate buildings in the State, located in a grove of seven acres almost in the heart of the City of Asheville. It maintains always a first-class faculty in all the depart- ments, Languages, Mathematics, Sciences, Literature, Music, Art, Physical Culture and Elocution. Rev. James Atkins, A. M., D. D., is the president of the college. Education. 265 THE LUTHERAN COLLEGE FOR WOriEN. The Lutheran College for the higher education of women has just been organized under the auspices of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, and will be located at Charlotte. This institution is now in process of construction, and the plans provide for a $50,000 structure to be ready for the fall term, beginning in September, 1897. Rev. C. B. King is the President, and Professor C. L. T. Fisher, Vice- President. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. Many institutions in North Carolina, some private and some ranked in the reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction under the above title, have merit sufficient to advance them into the class of colleges, but some of them being placed under the supervision of the public school authorities, can be considered only as they are above entitled. There are so many of them that they can only here be referred to briefly. Among them are: name;. Southern Business College. Hoyl's Academy Taylorsville High School.. Anson Institute Graded Institute Southerland Seminary... . Trinity School High School Horner's Academy, Ashe's Academy Lipsie's Academy Young Men's Institute Female College Mt. St. Joseph Academy Normal School Ravenscrof t School College , Davenport College Finley High School High School High School Catawba College Concordia College Claramont College St. Paul Seminary , Academy Academy c M. F. College Agusta Seminary High School . PRINCIPAI,. M. M. lyemmond. T. C. Hoyle D. A. McGregor J. A. McLauchlin J. W. Jones M. C. Hughes J. B. Newton W. D. Horner S. A. Ashe, Jr , T. E. Lipsie Misses Dole and Miller. Rev. B. E. Atkins President Lawrence. Prof. M. A. Yost. J. D. Minick H. W. Reinhart Rev. W. Q, A. Graham . Rev. J. CTClapp Rev. R. A. Yoder S. P. Hatton A. B. Stalvey. C. D. Graves. H. P. Bailey. . J. D. Hodges. C. G. Wells. . POST OFFICR Asheville. Burlington. Taylorsville. Wadesboro. Wadesboro. Jefferson. Chocowinity, Aulander. Windsor. Bladenboro. Southport. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Asheville. Weaverville. Lenoir. Lenoir. Morehead Cit Marshallberg. Newton. Conover. Hickory. Hickory. Pittsboro. Edenton. Hayesville. Augusta. Warsaw. 266 North Carolina and its Resources. NAME. High School Boys School Female College Mars Hill College Academy Military School High School. Academy Military School Academy Female College Institute Fairview Institute Music School Institute High School Academy , , lyucknow Institute Academy Female College High School Institute High School High School M. and F. Academy M. and F. Academy Carolina Institute Male Academy Female College Cape Fear Academy Seaboard and Roanoke Institute. Male Academy Male Academy Presbyterian High School High School Academy Academy Institute .. = Academy Trinity High School High School High School High School Neave Music School Female Seminary Military School High School Male Academy Male Academy Wake Forest Academy Cary High School Academy Military School Institute Kinsey Seminary ■ Vine Hill Female Academy Francis Hilliard School Academy , Bouie's Creek Academy , W. B. Scarborough. . J. F. Brower J. A. Green . . Rev. A. E. Booth R. B. White J. H. Horner R. L. Madison P. Dalrvmple Ira T. Turlington J. R. Williams Dred Peacock J. H. and M. H. Holt. W. T. Whitsett J. C. Brockman J. M. Weatherly C. B. Williams A. B. Justice Prof. J. C. Clifford. . . PRINCIPAI^, Miss L. W. Long H. A. Grey W. S. Snipes J. H. Sledd. C. F. Siler A. A. Pippin M. A. Griffin Prof. Eure F. S. Wilkinson D. G. Gillespie Washington Catlett. W. C. Parker P.J.Long J. W. Fleetwood Herbert Bingham. . . Rev. Tilley S. L. Sheep W. L. Foushee Rev. J. A. Beam. . . .. W. H. Ragsdale D. M. Weatherly J. M. Hill Prof. & Mrs. W. H. Neave. Miss Annie Hughes Capt. W. T. R. Bell Stockard & Phillips J. A. Gilmer Morson and Denson H. A. Chappell Rev. C. W. Blanchard Hugh Long Col. T. J. Drewery Capt. J. Duckett POST OFFICE. John Graham Rev. J. A. Campbell. Kernersville. Salem. Louisburg. Mars Hill. Franklinton. Oxford. Cullowhee. Selma. Smithfield. Clayton. Greensboro. Oak Ridge. Whitsett. Greeensboro.^ High Point. Winton. Winton. Dunn. Lincolnton. Charlotte. Huntersville. Carthage. Jonesboro. Sanford. Finch. Springhope. Nashville. Tarboro. Tarboro. Wilmington. Seaboard. Graysburg. Severn. Mebane. Richlands. Elizabeth City. Roxboro. Bethel Hill. Greenville. Trinity. Ashboro. Ramseur. Salisbury. Salisbury, Reidsville. Rutherfordton. Monroe. Heni^eison. Raleigh. Wake Forest Cary. Wakefield. Fayetteville. Lumberton. Lagrange. Scotland Neck. Oxford. Ridgeway. Poes. Education. 267 NAME- Skyland Institute Cronly High School Paw Creek Academy Amherst Academy Gaston College Judson College Kinston College Littleton Female College. Mt. Amoena Seminary. . . North Carolina College. . St. Mary's College Shelby Female College... St. Paul Seminary Trenton High School PRINCIPAI,. POST OFFICE- Blowing Rock. Cronly. Paw Creek Cora. Dallas. Heudersonville. Kinston. Littleton. Mt. Pleasant. Mt. Pleasant. Belmont. Shelby. Hickory. Trenton. SCHOOLS FOR THE COLORED RACE. Normal and Industrial State Normal State Normal , State Normal State Normal State Normal Bennett Seminary "Waters Institute Rev. J. C. Brown. Christain Institute Kittrell. Elizabeth City. Salisbury. Franklinton. Plymouth. Fayetteville. Greensboro. Winton. Franklinton. AGRICULTURAL AND flECHANICAL COLLEGE FOR THE COLORED RACE. Recognizing the need of practical training for tlie young men of the colored race, and with a view to aid them in maintaining them- selves in the higher grades of industrial life, the Legislature of North Carolina, at the session of 1891, enacted " that a College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts, be established for the colored race, to be located at some eligible place within the State, to be selected by the Board of Trustees " charged with the management of the institution. The corporate name is ' ' The Agricultural and Mechanical College for the colored Race . ' ' The selections of the location was open to the offers of the various communities desirous of the presence of the institution, and Greensboro became the successful bidder. In addition to the annual appropriation of $2,500, the State appropriates $5,000 a year for improvements. The United States, under the "Morrill Act" appropriates $7,500 to this institution. This money cannot be used for the construction of buildings or pur- chase of land. The main building contains offices and class rooms on first and second floors, and a large chapel on second floor. In the basement 268 North Carolina and its Resources. are kitchen and large dining room, also a fully equipped kitchen for instruction in cooking. This is a very handsome brick building with slate roof costing $16,000. It is heated by steam. There is a good library in this building which contains a fine selection of books which is being added to each year. The Mechanical building, which cost $7,000 was constructed during the summer and fall of 1895. It is the finest building of the kind in the southern states. The equipment is of the highest stand- ard. The blacksmith shop and the wood working department are complete. The chemical laboratory is temporarily located in this building and is complete in all its appointments. In this building are taught all the trades, and every branch of Mechanics. The building is heated by steam and lighted by gas. The Agricultural Department is fully equipped, with the excep- tion of barn for instruction, which will be built soon. There is a complete green-house connected with Botanical Department. A building in which is a steam laundry for instruction, as well as use, is in the rear of the main building. A large dormitory with rooms to accommodate one hundred students completes the number of buildings. This building is heated by hot water. Cost $8,000. The course of instruction in the college embraces English and Mathematics, and everything relating to the science of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Board of Trustees 1896 — First Congressional District, Hugh Cole; Second Congressional District, W. W. I^ong; Third Con- gressional District, H. R. Tyson; Fourth Congressional District, T. F. Debnam; Fifth Congressional District, T. B. Keogh; Sixth Con- gressional District, J. B. Dudley; Seventh Congressional District, J. B. Holman; Eighth Congressional District, E. W. Gray; Ninth Con- gressional District, W. H. McClure; President, T. B. Keogh, Greens- boro, N. C; Secretary, J. B. Dudley, Wilmington, N. C; Treasurer, R. W. Murrey, Greensboro, N. C. SHAW UNIVERSITY. This institution had its origin in the interest of the Rev. H. M. Tupper, D. D., of Manson, Mass., who was a private during the war, and, after the cessation of hostilities, was sent to Raleigh, N. C, as a missonary to the colored people, founding a church and opening the school which gradually expanded into the now extensive and well endowed Shaw University. The University owes its name to Education. 269 the benefaction of Hon. Elijah Shaw, of Wales, Mass., who pledged to the aid of Dr. Tapper's movement the sum of $5,000. The property of the late General Daniel M. Barringer was soon afterwards purchased for $13,000. The University is now well established, with grounds, handsome and capacious buildings, all brick, with collegiate and missionary training buildings, boarding-houses, chapel, medical, pharmaceutical and law-school buildings and all the appliances for a University course. There is the Theological department, in which young men are trained for the ministry; the missionary training school in which christian women are trained for missionary service; the I^eonard Medical school, with a fine building and a corps of competent teachers; the I